Availability of biomass and biomass supply systems for co-firing purposes

Transcription

1 Availability of biomass and biomass supply systems for co-firing purposes FUEL FLEXIBILITY IN BIOMASS COMBUSTION - THE KEY TO LOW BIO- ENERGY COSTS? Workshop organised by International Energy Agency (IEA) Bioenergy Task 32: Biomass Combustion and Co-firing, Jönköping, Martin Junginger & André Faaij - Utrecht University

2 Overview 1. Current developments of biomass cofiring in the Netherlands. 2. Future supply chains resources and pretreatment technologies (for biomass co-firing) 3. Some work of IEA bioenergy Task 40

3 Domestic renewable electricity production in the Netherlands Annual domestic renewable electricity production (TWh) % Biomass digestion & other Biomass cofiring MSW organic waste fraction PV Wind onshore Small hydro Percentage of total national electricity consumption: 1.0% 1.1% 1.1% 0.9% 1.2% 1.3% 2.1% 1.7% 1.8% % 2.6% 2.7% 3.3% 3.3% 4.3% 6.2% From <1% in 1995 to almost 50% of renewable electricity production in 2005

4 300 GWh 300 GWh Solid Co-firing of solid and liquid biomass in Essent power plants Solids Liquids Liquid biomass Biofuels januari augustus No co-firing due to No co firing due to subsidysubsudy regime Accident Accident Amer AC Total 2000 jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug Jan-Aug Source: P.P. Schouwenberg, Essent Sustainable Energy

5 Electricity production from biomass co-firing in power plants Electricity production (GWh) Import:30% Import G70% Buggenum Maasvlakte Gelderland Harculo Borssele Cuijk Claus Amer 8 &

6 Imported fuels used: Wood pellets (mainly from Canada) Agro-residues (palm kernel shells, olive nuts, nut shells, cocoa husks, soy and sun flower residues) Palm Oil (Malaysia and Indonesia) Bone Meal and other waste streams

7 Current (policy) trends Palm oil deemed unsustainable, feed-in tariff cut from 7 ct/kwh to <3 ct/kwh Pellet market very volatile, present shortage of pellets Development of sustainability criteria for biomass, likely including CO2/energy balance, food security and nature& biodiversity criteria => New efficient & sustainable biomass supply chains needed

8 Global potentials are large ; but need to be Agricultural land: <100- >300 EJ Marginal lands: < EJ Agri residues: EJ Forest residues: < EJ Dung: 5-55 EJ Organic waste: 5 - >50 EJ TOTAL: < > 500 EJ harves ting residues bioenergy crops North America Caribean & Latin America developed W.Europe E.Europe Near East & 410 North Africa 331 CIS & Baltic States South Asia sub-saharan Africa East Asia Oceania Japan

9 International bio-energy logistics not a showstopper when organized rightly Central Gathering point Production sites Rail transport Border Conversion Unit 16 Conversion Costs ( /GJHHV Liquids) Residues Europe - Pellets per Ship - Methanol Residues Europe - Methanol per Ship - Methanol Crops Europe - Pellets per Ship - Methanol Crops Europe - Methanol per Ship - Methanol Crops LA 300MW inland - Pellets - Methanol River / ocean Crops LA 300MW inland - Methanol - Methanol Crops LA 1200MW inland - Methanol (4x) - Methanol Crops LA 1200MW inland - Methanol - Methanol Harbour and/or coastal CGP Crops E Europe 300 MW - Methanol per Ship 2000 km - Methanol Storage Densification Drying Sizing Ship Train Truck Wire Biomass Ship transport

10 Logistic concept for production regions Radius is average transport distance field farmer unit Based on ½ area Required area in km2: Based on: 1Field coverage 2Biomass distribution density Field farmers are spread in area Unit X requires certain biomass input A

11 Many possible biotrade chains Exporter Transport/transfer/sto Importer rage Biomass production raw biomass Full conversion Biomass production & pre-treatment Pre-treated (pellets, bales, bio-oil) biomass (partial) conversion Biomass production & Fuels (H2, MeOH, End-use conversion EtOH, HC s) Production and Electricity transport End-use conversion Biomass production conversion along the way End-use

12 Composing chains Logs Chips Bales Bales Logs Pellets Bales > Briquettes Logs > MeOH Bales Logs > Pyro Roadside Roadside Dedicated 50 km Dedicated 50 km Roadside Roadside Roadside Roadside Roadside Roadside Roadside Roadside Roadside Roadside CGP 100 km Harbour ,500 km 100 km Plant 30 E M Legend CGP= Terminal 1100 km Dedicated 50 km Dedicated 50 km Dedicated 50 km Dedicated 50 km Dedicated 50 km Dedicated 50 km Dedicated 50 km Dedicated 50 km CGP CGP= CGP CGP= CGP= CGP= CGP CGP Terminal Terminal Terminal Terminal Plant 100 km 1100 km km 1100 km Harbour Plant E M Harbour Plant ,500 km 100 km Plant E M ,500 km 100 km Plant 30 E M E M E M km 1100 km Harbour Plant ,500 km 100 km Plant E M E M M M 100 km 1100 km 100 km Harbour Plant Plant ,500 km 100 km Plant P P 150 km 50 km Harbour Terminal ,500 km P E M Harvest or collection Loose biomass Storage of logs or bales... Conversion km Plant P E M Source: Hamelinck, Faaij, 2003 Transport per truck (solids)... Logs or bales of chips or fines E Electricity per train Chips 30 in a silo... P Pyrolysis oil per ship Fines 10 of liquids Pellets or briquettes of liquids (in tank) Drying chips M Methanol

13 Primary energy use of biomass supply chains to a Dutch power plant Energy use (GJ/tonnedry delivered) Storage Densification Drying Sizing Ship Train Truck Biomass 0.0 Residues Europe 12.5 MW Chips per ship Residues Europe 12.5 MW Chips per Train Residues Europe 12.5 MW Pellets per Ship Residues Europe 12.5 MW Pellets per Train Crops Europe 300 MW Pellets per Ship Crops LA inland 300 MW Pellets per Ship Crops LA coastal 1200 MW Pellets per Ship Source: Hamelinck, Faaij, 2003

14 Cost breakdown of solid biomass delivered to the Netherlands Costs ( /tonnedry delivered) Storage Densification Drying Sizing Ship Train Truck Wire Biomass 0 Residues Scandinavia 12.5MW Pellets per Ship Crops Scandinavia 300MW Pelletsper Ship Crops LA inland 300MW Pellets Crops LA Coastal 300MW Pellets Crops LA inland 1200MW Pellets Crops (future) LA inland 1200 MW Pellets Crops Eastern Europe 1200 MW Pellets per train Crops Eastern Europe 1200MW Pellets per ship Source: Hamelinck, Faaij, 2003

15 Cost breakdown of electricity delivered to the Dutch grid Costs ( /kwh delivered) Costs ( /GJ power delivered) Conversion Storage Densification Drying Sizing Ship Train Truck Wire Biomass 0 0 Residues Scandinavia 12.5MW Pellets per ship Residues Scandinavia 12.5MW Pyro per ship Crops Scandinavia 300MW Pellets per ship Crops Scandinavia 300MW Pyro per ship Crops LA inland 300MW Chips per ship Crops LA inland 300MW Logs per ship Crops LA inland 300MW Pellets per ship Crops LA inland 300MW Pyro per ship Crops E. Europe 1200 MW pellets per ship Source: Hamelinck, Faaij, 2003

16 Some key findings Reference systems importing & exporting country crucial for net GHG impact. Economies of scale are crucial. Pre-treated biomass or secondary energy carriers preferred for international transport. Sea transport limited impact; road transport significant. Region specific (biomass distribution density, transport parameters, etc.).

17 Mozambique Batidzirai & Faaij, 2005

18 Level of advancement of agricultural technology Level of agricultural technology Water supply Description Low rain-fed No use of fertilizers, pesticides or improved seeds or breeds, specialised health care for animals and calf rearing activities, Intermediate rain-fed equivalent to subsistence farming as in rural parts of e.g. Africa and Asia. Some use of fertilizers, pesticides, improved seeds or breeds, animal health care and mechanical tools. High rain-fed Full use of all required inputs and management practices as in advanced coercial farming presently found in the USA and EU. Very high rain-fed Use of a high level of technology on very suitable and suitable soils, medium level of technology on moderately suitable areas and low level on moderately and marginally suitable areas. Very high rain-fed/ irrigated Same as a very high input system, but including the impact on irrigation on yields and areas suitable for crop production.

19 Potential surplus agricultural land in 2015 in Mozambique, dependent on the level of advancement of agricultural technology level of agricultural technology/ animal production system high, rain-fed-irrigated/landless very suitable very high, rain-fed/landless high, rain-fed/landless high, rain-fed/mixed intermediate/mixed suitable moderately suitable marginally suitable million ha Batidzirai & Faaij, 2005

20 Regional biomass annual production potential in Mozambique/PJ HHV (2015) Batidzirai & Faaij, 2005

21 Comparison of bioenergy growing costs by region type ( /GJ) Batidzirai & Faaij, 2005

22 Logistics for export. Batidzirai & Faaij, 2005

23 Chains supplying pyrolysis oil from Mozambique to Rotterdam Batidzirai & Faaij, 2005

24 Comparison of Torrefaction, pellets and Pyrolysis pretreatment Uslu & Faaij, 2006

25 Comparison of co-firing wood pellets, torrefied pellets (TOP) and Pyrolysis oil Costs ( /GJ power delivered) Cost of chains delivering electricity (co-firing) TOP co-firing Pellet co-firing Pyro co-firing Conversion Storage Sizing Ship Truck Biomass Energy use (GJ/GJ) 8.5% 11% 8% Uslu & Faaij, 2006

26 Relevant work of IEA bioenergy Task 40 Country reports on Brasil, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway Updated country reports and synthesis report to be published in autumn 2006 Market studies: on ethanol (published) on global wood pellet markets and resources (to be published end of 2006) On pyrolysis oil (to be published end of 2006) => Keep an eye on

27 Thank you for your attention! Refs to the studies presented: Carlo Hamelinck, (C.N.), Outlook for advanced biofuels, Ph.D. thesis, University of Utrecht, 2004, 232 pp. (NWS-E ) Batidzirai, Faaij and Smeets, Biomass and bioenergy supply from Mozambique, Energy for Sustainable Development, Volume X (1), March Faaij and Uslu, Pretreatment technologies and their effects on international bioenergy supply chain logistics, Techno-economic evaluation of torrefaction, fast pyrolysis and pelletisation. Forthcoming. Available at -> publications