INDEX. Developing countries, 17, 171, 211, 252, 261, , 357 Distributed generation, 14, 35 36, , 357

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1 ACRONYMS ACEEE AEO AER ASE Btu CAFE C CHP CO 2 DG DOE EEI EERS EIA EPA EPACT EPRI ESCOS ESI FEMP FERC GDP GHG GW HEV IEA IGCC IPCC IPMVP kwh LBL LCOE MBtu mmbd MtC MW mpg NCEP NEETF American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy Annual Energy Outlook Annual Energy Review Alliance to Save Energy British thermal unit corporate average fuel economy carbon combined heat and power carbon dioxide distributed generation U.S. Department of Energy Edison Electric Institute energy efficiency resource standards Energy Information Administration U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Energy Policy Act Electric Power Research Institute energy service companies energy sustainability indicator Federal Energy Management Program Federal Energy Regulatory Commission gross domestic product greenhouse gas gigawatt hybrid electric vehicle International Energy Agency integrated gasification combined cycle Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol kilowatt-hour Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory levelized cost of electricity million Btu million barrels of oil per day million metric tons of carbon megawatt miles per gallon National Commission on Energy Policy National Environmental Education and Training Foundation 367

2 368 Acronyms NO x nitrogen oxides NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory PBFs public benefit funds PM particulate matter ppm parts per million PTC production tax credit PURPA Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act of 1978 PV photovoltaic Quad quadrillion Btu (10 15 Btu) R&D research and development RMI Rocky Mountain Institute RPS renewable portfolio standard SBCs system benefits funds SO 2 sulfur dioxide SUV sports utility vehicle T&D transmission and distribution TBtu trillion Btu TWh terra watt-hour VMT vehicle miles traveled WADE World Alliance for Decentralized Energy

3 INDEX Adaptation, 17, 322, , 355, 357 Agriculture, 13, 18, 82, 93, 164, 184, 194, 195, 322, 323, 362 Air pollution, 26 27, 35, 40 42, 57 58, 64, 68, , 110, 153, 173, 202, 205, 207, 211, 223, 227, 228, 251, 302 Alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs), 13, 104, , 110, , , 116, 120 Arab oil embargo, 27, 36 Asian Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, 345 Attitudes, 5, 6, 14, 25, 52 55, 61, 65, 160 Automobiles / cars, 7, 40, 61, 67, 83, 104, , , 121, 129, 132, , 162, 203, 240, , 361 Awareness, 8 9, 13, 51, 52 53, 61 62, 63, 65 66, 71, 72, 86, 356, 360 Barriers to efficiency, 202, 203, 208, 210, 217, 357 Batteries, 29, 59, 81, 110, 111, 114, , 146, 178, 179 Biodiesel, 44, 119, 184, 186 Biofuels, 13 14, 76 77, 81 92, 95 96, , 119, , 247 Biomass, 13, 75 97, , 121, 153, 157, , 209, 227, 346 CAFE standards, 28, 29, 45, 52, 356 California hydrogen highway, California, 23 24, 26, 43, 52, 71, 106, 107, , , 160, 161, 166, 180, 183, 187, 188, 196, 210, 221, 224, 229, 247, 251, 257, 266, 270, , Carbon dioxide, 11, 42, 58, 105, 107, 110, , 149, 173, 185, 214, 227, 232, 322, 326, 342, 344 Carbon sequestration, 34, 58, 175, 214, 252, 345 Cellulosic ethanol, 14, 29, 77, 80, 84, 104, 116, , 121, , 356, , 363 Clean Energy Initiative, 345 Climate change/global warming, 16, 17, 42 43, 46, 58, 94, , 108, 113, 119, 120, 121, 153, 171, 175, 184, 192, 201, 202, 205, 233, 234, , , 292, , 319, , , 331, 333, 334, Climate models, 324 Coal, 30 34, 40 41, 43 44, 57, 105, 127, 153, , 181, , , 194, , 207, , , 249, 251, , 268, , 361, 363 Codes and standards, Cogeneration, 35 36, 81, 119, 148, 154, 159 Combined heat and power, 2, 11, 14, 15, 48, 148, 152, 185, 209, 210, 215, 221, 248 Consumers, 6 7, 28 29, 35 37, 61, 63, 66, 67 69, 83, , , , , 221, 224, , 354, 361 Cost, 16 17, 31 32, 39, 52 53, 104, , , , , , 145, 149, , , 188, 189, , 204, 210, , 224, , , , , , 274 Crop productivity, 87, 88 90, 92, 94, 95 Developing countries, 17, 171, 211, 252, 261, , 357 Distributed generation, 14, 35 36, , 357

4 370 Index Ecological footprint, 78, 248 Economic efficiency, 14, 133, 208, 234 Economies of scale, 118, 146, 164, 179, , 290 Elasticity, 138, 140 Electric utility industry, 2, 163, 172, 203, 281 Electrical generation, 57 58, 171, , 182, 248 Electricity reliability, 9, 10, 14, 356, 357 Electricity, 1 3, 10 11, 14 16, 24, 25 26, 29 30, 32 33, 35 36, 41 42, 43, 56 58, , Emissions trading, 319, , 344 Energy conservation, 60 61, 65, 126, 129, 250, 265 Energy crisis, 12, 23 45, 240, 266, 356 Energy crops, 86 87, 89 92, 94, 95, , 121, 184, 187 Energy education, 53, Energy efficiency, 11, 15 17, 36 40, 44, 69, , 172, , 228, , 265, , , 357 Energy efficiency resource standards, 283 Energy forecasting, 4, 5, 353 Energy infrastructure, 33 36, 44, 46, 146, 292 Energy intensity, 11, 36 38, 139, 240, 241, 252, 258 Energy policy, 5 8, 12, 28, 32, 34 35, 44 46, 121, 134, , 154, 158, 175, , , 240, , 280, 292, , 363 Energy Policy Act, 9, 12, 32, 35, 44, 104, 107, 134, 152, 154, 158, 193, 194, 195, 204, 205, , 259, 282, 292 Energy Policy Act of 2005, 9, 32, 35, 104, 134, 193, 259, 280 Energy R&D, 15 16, 43, 158, 185, 192, 194, 259, , , 356, 357 Energy recycling, 15, 202, , , 222, 224, 226, 231, Energy service companies, 274 Energy sustainability indicator, 9, 356 Energy taxes, 131, 194, 260 Environmental literacy, 62 63, 64, 71 Environmental quality, 9, 11, 25, 40, 43, 162, 356, 357 Ethanol, 13 14, 29, 44, 75 79, 79 81, 84, 94, 104, , , 134, , 346, , 363 Evaluation, 16, 54, 75, 79, 82, 93 95, 266, , Externalities, , , 153, 223, 228, 232 Feedstock production, 13, 79, 81, 82, 84, 85, 89, 92, Free-choice learning, 12, 54, 71, 359 Fuel cells, 14, 36, 104, , 116, , Genetically modified plants, 86 Geothermal energy, 176, Greenhouse gases, 3, 11, 13 14, 27, 29, 35, 40, 42 43, 45, 58, 76, 80, , , 117, , , 227, 319, , 326, 328, , , , , Household appliances, Hybrid electric vehicles, 3, 13, 29, 115, 356 Hydro, 57 58, 81, 188, 251, Hydrogen economy, 13 14, Inclusivity, Industrial waste energy, 202, , 209, , 224, 230 Innovation, 13 16, 96, 156, 161, 201, 203, 210, 211, 223, 229, 232, 240, 242, 246, , 297, , 305, 314, , 360 Integrated gasification combined cycle, 32, 44, 214 Knowledge, 8 11, 52 63, 65 66, 358, Landfill gas, 3, 33, 44, 149, Market failure, 14, 16, , 129, 241, 245, 357 Methane hydrates, 25, 46 Micropower, 248, 253 Microturbines, 36, 146, 148 Mitigation, 42 43, 104, 116, 268, 347, 348, 349, 357 National Commission on Energy Policy, 12, 28, 34, 45 46, 118, 121, 148, 158, 175, 193, 292 National Environmental Education and Training Foundation, 53

5 Index 371 Natural gas, 10, 24 25, 29 35, 44, , , 127, , , , 205, 206, 215, 221, 233, 250, 256, 268, 283, 346 Nuclear power, 24, 30, 31, 44, 152, , 191, 194, , , 355 Ocean energy, Oil security, 9, 13, 28, 30, 135, 356 Patents, 297, 298, 299, 300, 306 Performance contracting, 279, 280 Petroleum, 1, 10, 13, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 58, 60, 61, 77, 80, 107, 120, 127, 128, 138, 174, 185, 207, 233, 334, 346 Plug-in hybrids, 13, 104, Price distortions, 24, 134, 137 Prudence, 358, 361, 362 Public participation, 12, 52, 260 Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act of 1978, 154 Recycled energy, 208, 215, 217, 224, Reflexivity, 358, 360, 362 Reliability, 9 11, 14, 16, 26, 35, 44, 164, 181, 212, 266, , 357 Renewable energy, 14 15, 44, 76, 134, , , , , 164, , 215, 230, 252, 357 Renewable portfolio standards, 155, 156, 192, 193, 230, 363 Rural economies, 29, 95 Social impediments, 15, 156 Social marketing, 65 Solar, 33, 118, 147, 172, , 207, 216, , Subsidies, 15, 44, 111, 121, 126, 128, 134, 194, 223, 227, 229, 230, 233 Sustainability, 9, 25, 80, 82, 172, Switchgrass, 80, 84, 85, 86, 87, 92, 94, 186, 187 Symmetry, 358, 359, 360 Technology assessment, 2, 5 Transmission and distribution, 11, 16, 33, 35, 145, 148, 159 Unconventional petroleum, 25, 29, 127 Utility system planning, 16, 266, 284 Waste-to-energy, Wave energy, 190 Wind, Wind turbines, 147, 148, 206 World Alliance for Decentralized Energy, 209, 218 Zero-emissions vehicles, 43, 116