The European Year of Air 2013: port cities and future air quality legislation and challenges

Transcription

1 The European Year of Air 2013: port cities and future air quality legislation and challenges Guido de Wilt Policy Officer DG Environment, Unit C3 Air and Industrial Emissions 8 October 2013 Clean Air in Ports NABU, Clean Air Project, Antwerp

2 What We Have The International Air Quality Policy Framework The UNECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) The CLRTAP Protocols (EMEP, Gothenburg, Heavy Metals, POPs, ) The CLRTAP knowledge base (EMEP, WGE, ICPs, ) The EU Air Quality Policy Framework The Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution The National Emission Ceilings Directive The Ambient Air Quality Directives The EU Air Pollution Source Abatement Policy Framework National and Local Air Pollution Abatement Measures

3 Trends in Emissions

4 Trends in Emissions Index (1990 = 100) Air Pollution (NOx,SOx,NMVOCs, PM10, NH3) EU GDP EU Pop

5 National Emission Ceilings Directive Aggregate EU-27 emissions ceilings and preliminary emission data for 2010 The emission ceilings shown are the aggregated EU-27 emission ceilings defined in Annex I and Annex II of the NECD. Annex II of the NECD does not define a ceiling for NH3. Projections are aggregates of the projections reported by individual Member States.

6 Ambient Air Quality Directives PM10 concentration In red: above EU limit values Percentage of the EU s urban population exposed to exceeding PM10 limits EU air quality standards 21 % 81 % WHO air quality guidelines Source: EEA Air Quality report 2012

7 Ambient Air Quality Directives NO2 concentration In red: above EU limit value EU air quality standards 7 % WHO air quality guidelines 7 % Source: EEA Air Quality report 2012

8 Ambient Air Quality Directives Ozone concentration In red: above EU target value Percentage of the EU s urban population exposed to exceeding O3 limits EU air quality standards 17 % WHO air quality guidelines 97 % Source: EEA Air Quality report 2012

9 Air Quality situation in Antwerp I Example from the recent notification (2004/461/EC): PM10 - LV (24hr mean) Zones names Zones codes >LV LV + MOT; >LV >UAT UAT; >LAT LAT n. of Days in Exceed EoI station code BRUSSELS BEB10A + no more MOT 55 BETN043 PORT OF ANTWERP BEF01S + no more MOT 41 BETM802 ANTWERP BEF02A no more MOT + PORT OF GHENT BEF03S + no more MOT 38 BETR731 GHENT BEF04A no more MOT + CITIES>50000 inhabitants BEF05S + no more MOT 38 BETM705 FLANDERS BEF06S + no more MOT 40 BELOB01 LIEGE BEW11S + no more MOT 36 BETR223; BETM204 ENGIS BEW12S + no more MOT 48 BETR240 CHARLEROI BEW13S no more MOT + WALLONIE BEW14S + no more MOT 36 BETN070

10 Air Quality situation in Antwerp II Example from the recent notification (2004/461/EC): NO2 - LV for health (annual mean) Full zone name >LV LV + MOT; >LV >UAT UAT; >LAT LAT BRUSSELS BEB10A + no more MOT PORT OF ANTWERP BEF01S + TE for NO2 ANTWERP BEF02A + TE for NO2 PORT OF GHENT BEF03S no more MOT + GHENT BEF04A no more MOT + CITIES>50000 inhabitants BEF05S no more MOT + FLANDERS BEF06S no more MOT + LIEGE BEW11S no more MOT + ENGIS BEW12S no more MOT + CHARLEROI BEW13S no more MOT + WALLONIE BEW14S no more MOT +

11 Remaining Problems Downward trends in (estimated) emissions not fully matched by (measured) air quality improvements: PM, NO2, 03 Significant compliance issues (AAQD, NECD, UN) despite additional time granted in 2008: PM, NOx, Too many EU citizens are exposed to hazardous air quality levels (particulate matter, ozone, ), Air pollution causes ca premature deaths, millions of work days lost, reduced crop yields amounting to ca 6 billion, Contribution of transport (road and off-road), small scale combustion installations (including domestic heating), and agriculture continue to particularly significant (notably for urban air pollution). As science evolved, certain health and environment standards have become obsolete and several air pollutants are now also linked to short-lived climate impacts.

12 Problem Drivers Insufficient / ineffective national/local measures Too little too late (often triggered by TEN deadlines) Too much paper, too little action, Costs and other barriers (background, competence, capacity) Insufficient / ineffective EU source legislation Road Transport (Real World Emissions) Small & medium scale combustions (incl. domestic heating) Non-Road Mobile Machinery (incl. inland vessels, rail, construction) Agriculture Insufficient / ineffective cross-border action UNECE CLRTAP and Protocols, IMO, Intra-EU cross border cooperation Insufficient synergies Climate, Energy Industry, Agriculture,

13 How We Go About It Evaluation Policy development Finalisation Online consultations Stakeholder meetings x Council / EP x x x x

14 Objectives Pre-2020: Compliance & coherence PM10, NO2, NOx Gothenburg (2020 ceilings, including PM2.5, ) Post-2020: Towards 'zero' impacts Impact reduction targets 2025, 2030 (2050) National & sectoral emission reduction targets 2025, 2030 (review of the NEC Directive) Coherent EU Source abatement policy agenda (e.g. Medium scale Combustion Plants) Coherent national (and urban) source abatement policy agenda

15 Compliance Outlook (Pre-2020) AAQD Compliance broadly attainable by 2020 with reasonable effort Weakening or postponing obligations would be disproportionate, affect recent momentum at national (and EU) level to address outstanding problems, and worsen health protection Other considerations International action important but needs longer lead times Further international action would focus on 2030 time horizon, but preparatory measures could be needed in run up to 2020

16 Compliance Promotion (Pre-2020) Supporting local/national action Reinforced local action and capacity-building (new LIFE+) Reinforced sustainable urban mobility and low emission zones Euro 6(2014), and Euro 6b (2017 latest) Voluntary EU-wide Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle standards (SULEV). Partnership Implementation Agreements Reinforced sustainable urban buildings & construction Use of coal/solid fuel for residential heating Banning placing on the market and use of "smoky" solid fuels Fuel switching incentive programmes (structural funds?) Solid fuel quality standards? Challenging densely-populated non-attainment areas Partnership implementation agreements? Additional EU source controls Revised ELVs for non-road machinery and inland waterways Ecodesign, small and medium scale combustion installations, Manure management, agricultural burning,.. Reinforced compliance checking and market surveillance,..

17 Objectives Future Action Strenghtened Urban Clean Air Action To enhance action for protecting EU citizens against the adverse effects of air pollution; To consolidate the means and measures necessary to address the persistent air quality problems in the EU's urban areas; To promote coherence across relevant EU policy areas, including health (e.g. noise), mobility (e.g. SUMP), energy (e.g. ecodesign, EPBD, EED), climate change, productivity, research and innovation, and regional development; To provide a dedicated platform for gathering key stakeholders and promoting concerted action; To contribute to the transformation of Europe's megacities into global state of the art green economies in line with the 7EAP and similar visions expressed in the Europe 2020 strategy and flagships.

18 Strenghtening National and Local Action Possible Elements for a new LIFE Programme Clean air management network components Urban / Regional / National clusters Dedicated platforms and support centers EU co-ordination and exchange fora Clean air management network outputs Enhanced monitoring networks Enhanced local emission inventories and source attribution Enhanced modelling capabilities Enhanced policy development and management capabilities Enhanced public information & participation

19 Strenghtening National and Local Action Developments for the next budget period Horizon 2020 "Blue Economy" Land transport (road, rail, ) NAIADES II Structural Funds Sea and inland ports Intermodality Road and rail infrastructure

20 Examples of legislation and initiatives at EU level affecting ports and port cities General Sustainable transport, ITS (IT solutions for traffic), Intermodality Trans European Networks Inland waterways (NAIADES II) European Seaports 2030 (e.g. congestion) Non Road Mobile Machinery, EURO standards EPBD, EED, Ecodesign Noise Air Quality Sulphur Directive for marine fuels SECA and future NECA E-reporting

21 2012 Revision of S Directive (1) Directive 2012/33/EC: stricter S requirements in marine fuels Adopted in Nov. 2012, to be transposed by MS by June 2014 Brings sulphur limits in line with MARPOL Annex VI 2008 amendments 1.00% until December 2014 and 0.10% as from January 2015 for SECAs 3.5% as of June 2014 and 0,5% as of January ,1% sulphur content for ships at berth and 1.5% for passenger ships maintained MS should endeavour to ensure the timely availability of marine fuel which comply with the Directive Commission shall consider the potential for reducing air pollution as part of its general air quality policy

22 2012 Revision of S Directive (2) Directive 2012/33/EC: focus on implementation A cost efficient and coherent implementation of S Directive is of high priority to ensure the expected health and environmental benefits while ensuring the level playing field in the shipping market Experience shows a need for stronger monitoring, effective inspection and enforcement regime to ensure proper implementation: The S Directive empowers the Commission to adopt implementing acts concerning: Sampling strategies (frequency, methods, representative sample definition) Analysis of samples Penalties (fines should at least deprive those responsible of the economic benefits derived from their infringement; gradually increasing in case of repetition) Reporting (content and format of the annual MS report to the Commission on fuel quality)

23 2012 Revision of S Directive (3) Directive 2012/33/EC: Alternative compliance methods Access to emission abatement methods should be facilitated (recital) The Commission should promote the testing and development of emission abatement methods (recital) Alternative compliance methods have to be: Verifiable Quantifiable Enforceable The Commission shall develop appropriate measure to promote and facilitate compliance with the environmental standards of the Directive

24 EU Policies on sustainable shipping EU Maritime Transport Strategy : European Commission, EU Member States and EU maritime industry should work together towards the long term objective of zero-waste, zero-emission maritime transport EU 2011 White Paper: Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area The environmental record of shipping can and must be improved by both technology and better fuels and operations 2013 Revision of Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution (2005): Air pollutant emissions of SO2 and NOx from ships are a serious concern, as they are expected to exceed those of all land-based sources in the EU by Further action is therefore needed to improve human health and the environment

25 EU actions on implementation (with the support of EMSA) Active dialog with the EU industry and MS Technical workshops (alternative compliance methods scrubber systems, LNG; General implementation aspect in October 2013) Questionnaires on implementation (on-going) Creation of dedicated MS and experts committees to tackle implementation issues under the launched European Sustainable Shipping forum and to discuss overall short term to long term measures to support compliance while minimising any possible negative side effect Participation and follow-up of international developments (IMO, Helcom) Launch of ad hoc studies in support of Commission work on Implementing Acts. Possible development of guidelines and standards on: Sampling analysis and reporting Penalties (future)

26 EU initiatives on compliance Sustainable Waterborne Transport Toolbox (2011) Providing set of measures to reduce compliance costs in relation to the new low sulphur standards & addressing from a broader perspective the environmental challenges that confront the EU shipping sector. Creating the adequate EU regulatory framework to facilitate the use of green ship technologies and alternative fuels Commission's Clean Power for Transport Package (2013): establishing a common framework of measures for EU alternative fuels infrastructure breaking the oil dependence of transport guiding technological development & provide a policy framework for investment and market development covering electricity, hydrogen, biofuels, synthetic fuels, LNG, CNG and LPG

27 NAIADES II ( ) Towards quality inland waterway transport " Making inland waterway transport more attractive by focusing on quality in all its aspects: Quality infrastructure Quality through innovation Smooth functioning of the market Environmental quality through low emissions Skilled workforce and quality jobs Integration of inland waterway transport into the multimodal logistic chain Quality of Governance

28 NAIADES II: Quality through innovation Innovation is hampered by longevity of equipment (vessels, infrastructure), fragmentation of market, financial capacity of operators Establishment of Roadmap for Research, Development and Innovation(RDI) together with all in the system concerned Carriers, shipbuilding, equipment manufacturers, ports and terminal operators, freight forwarders, logistic integrators Funding through Horizon 2020 (8.3 billion for transport)

29 NAIADES II: Improvement of environmental quality Transport by inland waterway is an environmentally friendly mode of transportation High energy-efficiency Low CO 2 emissions Compared to road haulage, however, lower progress in reducing air pollutants Introduction of lower limits for air pollutants for new and existing engines Introduction of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

30 Synthesis and coherence of legislation in Member States National level Regional level Local level Examples: National port authorities and local AQ problems Diesel car and fuel tax regimes Road infrastructure Railroad infrastructure

31 Synthesis and coherence of Air Quality actions in Member States Actors: Administrations at various levels Port authorities Highsea shipping companies (freight, passengers, cruise lines) Terminal operators Logistic companies (rail, road, inland shipping) Industry Public transport Utilities Citizens and NGOs

32 Examples of Air Quality actions in ports in Member States Sources: City Pilot, Time Extension Notifications, NABU Electrification of port railways Better access and port ring roads/bypasses for freight streams Intermodality IT support for port logistics Shore side electricity connections for ships Public transport options for port workers Favourable port fee structure for cleaner ships Fuel bans for ships

33 Recent EU Actions I Example: Database of Air Quality measures A support tool for all levels of government, stakeholders, NGOs Examples of good and not so successful measures Possibilities to link with other databases with data and information Feed-back possibilities for experts (tips and tricks) Linked to the Air Implementation Pilot ("City Pilot" by EEA & ENV) and Time Extension Notification experiences Building on what is there (instead of new "pilot projects") Clear link with the cost-effective implementation of AQ legislation Possible synergy with projects such as OPERA, Clean Air, Possible link with organisations of cities and regions Possible enhanced co-operation in the EU Timeline: test run in October/November, first phase finished at the end of the year

34 Example: OPERA Recent EU Actions II LIFE project in Alsace and Po valley A support tool for especially local and regional levels of government developing air quality plans, but also useful for stakeholders, NGOs Aims at helping policy decision making (quantification, cost-benefit analysis, prioritising) Uses the GAINS database (technical and non-technical measures) also used for IIASA scenarios in the Air Review Possibilities to link with other databases with data and information, such as the Air Quality database Can be used in combination with various models Building on what is there (instead of a new "pilot project") Possible wider use and enhanced co-operation in the EU in OPERA II? Special situations such as PM hotspots (CZ/SK/PL), densely populated areas, logistic hubs such as ports,.? Evaluation tool?

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