S WOLF. Remanufacturing and systems interaction. Sardinia Symposium Solid Waste Life-Cycle Modeling Workshop

Transcription

1 Remanufacturing and systems interaction Anders Damgaard, Ph.D. Senior Researcher S WOLF go.ncsu.edu/swolf 1

2 Significance of Remanufacturing Key place for savings in most LCA besides savings from energy production Important for recovery of scarce and environmentally expensive resources Complicated as it takes place outside the waste management system as well as global in scope 2

3 Remanufacturing Solid Waste Systems Comingled Recyclable Collection Commingled MRF Thermal WtE Ash Landfill Mixed Waste/ Residual Collection Mixed Waste MRF Anaerobic Digestion Organics Collection Soil Amendment Composting Mixed Waste Recyclables Combustibles Organics Ash Landfill 3

4 The Remanufacturing Process Model Incoming Waste Materials (Mg in ) Direct Emissions (kg/mg in ) Equipment Fuel Use (L/Mg in ) User Inputs MRF Process Model Electricity Use (kwh/mg in ) Waste composition Impurities Remanufacturing technology Equipment cost and performance Purity targets End goal of material Residual Contaminants (Mg out / Mg in ) Final recovered material and Properties (Mg out / Mg in 4) Capital Cost ($/Mg-yr -1 ) Operating Cost ($/Mg in ) Avoided virgin production

5 Material recycling Material recycling: recovered materials are used for similar products (paper paper; paper cardboard) The reprocessing has an environmental load that usually is less than the environmental load of virgin production, thus recycling may be environmental beneficial The model: recycling = remanufacturing - A B virgin production A is the technical substitution ratio; 1 tonne of waste paper produces 0.85 tonne of paper product B is the responding virgin production at the market level; may be <1, never >1. Reprocessing is a technology in Material processes Material recycling Virgin production is a similar process taken from the external database 5

6 B the responding virgin production Can be lower due to: Market reactions to perceived problems Quality differences between products Price differences due to non-problematic quality differences Legal requirements (not necessarily due to quality), but more due to risk assessment Many more 6

7 Examples on values for remanufacturing processes -- Evaluated materials Office paper Newsprint Cardboard Corrugated board Glass Steel Aluminum Fiber materials High density polyethylene (HDPE) Low density polyethylene (LDPE) Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Polypropylene (PP) Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Polystyrene (PS) Plastics Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from primary and secondary (recycled) material production were evaluated. Brogaard et al. 2014

8 kg CO2-eq / kg steel Sardinia Symposium Solid Waste Life-Cycle Modeling Workshop GHG emissions from production of steel Beneficial to recycle or not depends on choice of data Case 1 Recycling = Case 2 Recycling = Case 1 Case 2 Secondary Primary Total Brogaard et al. 2014

9 Variations for all evaluated datasets Brogaard et al. 2014

10 Example paper: reprocessing Merrild et al. 2008

11 Example paper: Virgin prod. Merrild et al. 2008

12 Example paper: recycling Merrild et al. 2008

13 Research and Data Needs Data in general (very little exist) Better description of input feedstock in remanufacturing processes Disaggregated processes (energy inputs for forecasting) More understanding of how the B value for avoided virgin flow is found. Better knowledge on how the quality of input materials impact outputs 13

14 Questions and Discussion S WOLF go.ncsu.edu/swolf 14

15 Additional Resources Astrup, T., Fruergaard, T., Christensen, T.H., Recycling of plastic: accounting of greenhouse gases and global warming contributions. Waste Manag. Res. 27, Brogaard, L.K., Damgaard, A., Jensen, M.B., Barlaz, M., Christensen, T.H., Evaluation of life cycle inventory data for recycling systems. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 87, Damgaard, A., Larsen, A.W., Christensen, T.H., Recycling of metals: accounting of greenhouse gases and global warming contributions. Waste Manag. Res. 27, Merrild, H., Damgaard, A., Christensen, T.H., Life cycle assessment of waste paper management: The importance of technology data and system boundaries in assessing recycling and incineration. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 52, Pivnenko, K., Eriksson, E., Astrup, T.F., Waste paper for recycling: Overview and identification of potentially critical substances. Waste Manag. RTI 15