PSR. and disposal service of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in a sanitary landfill. Collecting. Adriana Del Borghi. Facoltà di Ingegneria

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1 Facoltà di Ingegneria DICheP - Università di Genova Università degli Studi di Genova PSR Collecting and disposal service of Municipal Solid (MSW) in a sanitary landfill Adriana Del Borghi Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica e di Processo G.B. Bonino

2 Sviluppo dei PSR di riferimento 1. General information This PSR-document for Collecting and Disposal Service of Municipal Solid (MSW) in a Sanitary Landfill is in compliance with Requirements for Environmental Product Declarations, MSR 1999:2, published by the Swedish Environmental Council at: The PSR draft has been prepared by Department of Chemical and Process Engineering G.B. Bonino University of Genoa and ACAM A.p.S (Italy). The PSR is valid for three (3) years. 2. Service description This PSR defines the requirements on environmental parameters to be included in an Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) for Collecting and Disposal Service of Municipal Solid (MSW) in a Sanitary Landfill. A sanitary landfill is a landfill permitted to accept household and commercial waste (solid non-hazardous waste according to the EU Directive 91/689/EEC). The term management includes all the operations performed in a landfill (such as waste compacting and covering), on biogas (such as biogas collection for burning in flares or energy production) and on leachate (such as leachate collection and treatment). 3. Functional unit The functional unit is disposal of kg of urban waste in a sanitary landfill.

3 System Boundaries 4. System boundaries The life cycle for the Collecting and Disposal service of MSW in a Sanitary Landfill comprises the manufacturing phase and the end-of-life phase according to the flow chart of Figure 1. Transport Phase Collection Including only the operation of waste discharging from litter bins Transfer Including waste transfer to the landfill Energy, Resources

4 System Boundaries 4. System boundaries The life cycle for the Collecting and Disposal service of MSW in a Sanitary Landfill comprises the manufacturing phase and the end-of-life phase according to the flow chart of Figure 1. Transport Phase Collection Transfer Landfill Phase Landfill Construction Landfill Including main transports Including waste pre-treatment, compacting, covering Energy, Resources Post-closure Including rehabilitation of the site Manufacturing Phase This phase represents service preparation and supplying.

5 System Boundaries 4. System boundaries The life cycle for the Collecting and Disposal service of MSW in a Sanitary Landfill comprises the manufacturing phase and the end-of-life phase according to the flow chart of Figure 1. Transport Phase Collection Landfill Phase Landfill Construction Energy, Resorces Including on site leachate treatment, transfer and depuration in external plants Transfer Energy, Resources Manufacturing Phase Landfill Post-closure This phase represents management of waste generated only during service supply phase. Leachate Biogas Energy, Resources End-of-Life Phase Net water effluents Net air emissions Energy produced in electric generation plant Energy lost through the burning of excess biogas Including on site biogas collection, burning in flares or use for energy production

6 System Boundaries 4. System boundaries The life cycle for the Collecting and Disposal service of MSW in a Sanitary Landfill comprises the manufacturing phase and the end-of-life phase according to the flow chart of Figure 1. Transport Phase Landfill Phase Collection Landfill Construction Energy, Resorces Transfer Energy, Resources Landfill Post-closure Leachate Biogas Energy, Resources Net water effluents Net air emissions Energy produced in electric generation plant Energy lost through the burning of excess biogas Manufacturing Phase End-of-Life Phase

7 Data Quality and Calculation Rules Data quality requirements and calculation rules Information about the following unit processes shall be included: Transport Phase Landfill Phase Collection Landfill Construction Energy, Resorces Transfer Energy, Resources Landfill Post-closure Leachate Biogas Energy, Resources Net water effluents Net air emissions Energy produced in electric generation plant Energy lost through the burning of excess biogas Manufacturing Phase End-of-Life Phase

8 Site-Specific Specific Data Energy, Resorces Transfer Energy, Resources Landfill Leachate Biogas Energy, Resources Net water effluents Net air emissions Energy produced in electric generation plant Energy lost through the burning of excess biogas Manufacturing Phase End-of-Life Phase

9 Manufacturing Phase Site-specific data for waste transports and distances from municipalities to landfill shall be used. If this information cannot be obtained, the transport can be calculated with the average distance from municipalities to landfill. Energy, Resorces Transfer Energy, Resources Landfill Leachate Biogas Energy, Resources Net water effluents Net air emissions Energy produced in electric generation plant Energy lost through the burning of excess biogas Manufacturing Phase End-of-Life Phase

10 Manufacturing Phase Site-specific data shall be used for landfill management. Data shall represent annual average values for a specific year. Energy, Resorces Transfer Energy, Resources Landfill Leachate Biogas Energy, Resources Net water effluents Net air emissions Energy produced in electric generation plant Energy lost through the burning of excess biogas Manufacturing Phase End-of-Life Phase

11 Site-specific data shall be used for leachate quantity and quality. Leachate produced, collected and dispersed shall be considered. Quantity, quality and depuration efficiency of the leachate produced shall be evaluated as a function of the age of landfill. Data about the fraction of the leachate lost shall be included. Any assumption shall be fully documented. Site-specific data shall be used for transport of leachate to external plant, if it occurs. If leachate is treated in external plant, generic data are allowed. Otherwise site-specific data should used if leachate is treated on site Energy, Resorces Transfer Energy, Resources Landfill Leachate Biogas Energy, Resources Net water effluents Net air emissions Energy produced in electric generation plant Energy lost through the burning of excess biogas Manufacturing Phase End-of-Life Phase

12 Site-specific data shall be used for biogas quantity and quality. Biogas produced, collected and dispersed shall be considered. Data concerning biogas production (quantity and quality) versus time shall be calculated using predicting-type mathematical models which start from the amount of waste disposed in landfill and their merceological composition. This includes the fraction of biogas that is captured for energy production, the one that is lost and the one that is burnt in flares. Energy loss through the burning of excess biogas shall be included. Site-specific data shall be used for biogas management. Data should represent annual average values for a specific year. If electric energy is produced, actual data about the efficiency of the electric generation plant, the energy produced and the emissions of the Energy, generation Resorces plant shall be provided. Transfer Energy, Resources Landfill Leachate Biogas Energy, Resources Net water effluents Net air emissions Energy produced in electric generation plant Energy lost through the burning of excess biogas Manufacturing Phase End-of-Life Phase

13 Mix of Electricity Data quality requirements and calculation rules for the manufacturing uring phase The mix of electricity used during the manufacturing phase can be approximated as the official one in the country of manufacture if site-specific data can not be obtained. The mix of electricity shall be documented. Hazardous waste is defined by EU Directives 91/689/EEC and 75/442/EEC. Data quality requirements and calculation rules for the end-of of-life phase The mix of electricity used during the end-of-life phase supplying consumption/losses of electricity can be approximated as the official one in the country of manufacture if sitespecific data can not be obtained. The mix of electricity shall be documented. Hazardous waste is defined by EU Directive 91/689/EEC and 75/442/EEC.

14 Boundaries 4.3 Boundary in time Leachate and biogas production, associated with landfilling a ton of waste, shall be modelled for a time period of 100 years since landfill closure. 4.4 Boundary towards nature The boundaries towards nature shall describe the flow of material and energy resources from nature into the system and emissions from the system to air and water and waste. 4.5 Boundaries in the life cycle The boundaries in the life cycle are illustrated in the flow chart in Figure 1. Building of capital equipment site, and personnel activities as well as the contribution of travel to work shall not be included. 4.6 Boundaries towards other technical systems 4.6 Boundaries towards other technical systems The boundaries towards other technical systems describe the inflow of material and components from other systems and the outflow of material to other systems. Leachate treatment in external plant shall be included and waste produced during this phase (i.e. sludge) shall be declared without assigning the environmental impact of the system. If electric energy is produced, the energy produced by electric generation plant shall be considered as avoided impact. Resources (i.e. raw materials, fuels) production for manufacturing phase shall be included.

15 Boundaries 4.3 Boundary in time Leachate and biogas production, associated with landfilling a ton of waste, shall be modelled for a time period of 100 years since landfill closure. 4.4 Boundary towards nature The boundaries towards nature shall describe the flow of material and energy resources from nature into the system and emissions from the system to air and water and waste. 4.5 Boundaries in the life cycle The boundaries in the life cycle are illustrated in the flow chart in Figure 1. Building of capital equipment site, and personnel activities as well as the contribution of travel to work shall not be included. 4.6 Boundaries towards other technical systems 4.6 Boundaries towards other technical systems The boundaries towards other technical systems describe the inflow of material and components from other systems and the outflow of material to other systems. Leachate treatment in external plant shall be included and waste produced during this phase (i.e. sludge) shall be declared without assigning the environmental impact of the system. If electric energy is produced, the energy produced by electric generation plant shall be considered as avoided impact. Resources (i.e. raw materials, fuels) production for manufacturing phase shall be included.

16 Rules 5. Cut-off rules Processes/activities that altogether do not contribute to more than 1% of the total environmental impact for any impact category are allowed to be omitted from the inventory analysis. Parts and materials not included in the LCA shall be documented. 6. Allocation rules Whenever it would be necessary to partitioning the system inputs and outputs, mass criteria will be used. Any other allocation procedures based on physical or chemical characteristics must be specified in the EPD. It is excluded the possibility of applying economic allocation criteria because of its sensitivity to market specific conditions. 7. Units For both LCA study and the EPD, it is necessary to use units of the SI units. 8. Calculation Rules 8. Calculation Rules The sum of the contribution to all parts of the life cycle to the separate impact categories from the use of generic data, instead of product-specific data, must not exceed 10% of the total contribution to the impact categories. If other rules for the acceptance of generic data is recommended, this has to be justified. Some of the main important sources of data are indicated as an example in the following table. Other sources used have to be listed in the LCA study.

17 Rules 5. Cut-off rules Processes/activities that altogether do not contribute to more than 1% of the total environmental impact for any impact category are allowed to be omitted from the inventory analysis. Parts and materials not included in the LCA shall be documented. 6. Allocation rules Whenever it would be necessary to partitioning the system inputs and outputs, mass criteria will be used. Any other allocation procedures based on physical or chemical characteristics must be specified in the EPD. It is excluded the possibility of applying economic allocation criteria because of its sensitivity to market specific conditions. 7. Units For both LCA study and the EPD, it is necessary to use units of the SI units. 8. Calculation Rules 8. Calculation Rules The sum of the contribution to all parts of the life cycle to the separate impact categories from the use of generic data, instead of product-specific data, must not exceed 10% of the total contribution to the impact categories. If other rules for the acceptance of generic data is recommended, this has to be justified. Some of the main important sources of data are indicated as an example in the following table. Other sources used have to be listed in the LCA study.

18 Sources of data Material Database Published Electricity ETH (Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule) Data combined with IEA (International Energy Agency) statistics Plastics Chemicals End-of-Life APME (Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe) APME (Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe) I-LCA (Italian Life Cycle Assessement Data Base)

19 Parameters to be declared in the EPD 9. Parameters to be declared in the EPD The following parameters shall be separately declared for the following phases: MANUFACTURING PHASE Transport Phase (including waste collection and transfer to the landfill). Landfill Phase (including landfill construction, management, postclosure). END-OF OF-LIFE PHASE Leachate (including on site leachate treatment, transfer and depuration in external plants). Biogas (including on site biogas collection and management).

20 Resource Use RESOURCE USE Use of non-renewable resources (without energy content, with energy content) Use of renewable resources (without energy content, with energy content) Water consumption Electricity consumption

21 Potential Environmental Impact POLLUTANT EMISSIONS EXPRESSED AS POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT Global warming kg CO 2 equivalents Acidification kmol H + Ozone depletion Photochemical oxidant formation Eutrophication kg O 2 Land use as Land Occupation and/or as Land Change kg CFC-11 equivalents kg ethene-equivalents Area time quality Area time quality diff.

22 Potential Environmental Impact The characterisation factors to use for converting data from the life cycle inventory analysis into impact categories for global warming (emissions of green-house gases), stratospheric ozone depletion (emissions of ozone-depleting gases), acidification (emissions of acidifying gases), photochemical oxidant emissions (emissions of gases contributing to ground-level ozone) and eutrophication (emissions of substances to water contributing to oxygen depletion) are listed in MSR 1999:2, Appendix A: Tasks for companies and organisations. BIOGAS BIOLOGICAL CO 2 can be considered for kg of CO 2 equivalents calculation, but the two sources (biological and non biological) shall be reported separately. For landfilling, LAND USE IMPACT CATEGORY of waste disposal in landfill site shall be included. Choice between land occupation, land change and a combination of these two types of land use shall be justified. Land use is to be specified in m 2 years quality for land occupation, and in m 2 years quality difference for land change.

23 Potential Environmental Impact The characterisation factors to use for converting data from the life cycle inventory analysis into impact categories for global warming (emissions of green-house gases), stratospheric ozone depletion (emissions of ozone-depleting gases), acidification (emissions of acidifying gases), photochemical oxidant emissions (emissions of gases contributing to ground-level ozone) and eutrophication (emissions of substances to water contributing to oxygen depletion) are listed in MSR 1999:2, Appendix A: Tasks for companies and organisations. BIOGAS BIOLOGICAL CO 2 can be considered for kg of CO 2 equivalents calculation, but the two sources (biological and non biological) shall be reported separately. For landfilling, LAND USE IMPACT CATEGORY of waste disposal in landfill site shall be included. Choice between land occupation, land change and a combination of these two types of land use shall be justified. Land use is to be specified in m 2 years quality for land occupation, and in m 2 years quality difference for land change.

24 Additional Information ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Hazardous waste Other waste

25 Other Environmental Information 10. Other environmental information Information to include shall cover VISUAL IMPACT and ODOURS. Information may also be included on: technology used for landfill construction; percentage of total municipalities urban waste involved in the service; total and residual landfill lifetime of landfill; composition of collected waste.

26 Discussione Aperta