Glossary. in the. Joule (J) A standard international unit of energy; 1 J is equal to s

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1 About the Authors Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann-Josef Wagner holds postgraduate and doctorate degree in electrical and mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Aachen, Germany. He is Professor for Energy Systems and Energy Economics at the Ruhr- University of Bochum, Germany. He worked as a scientist for the Juelich Research Centre, for the German Parliament and for different universities. His relevant experiences are in the fields of energy systems analysis, renewable energies like wind and water energy and life cycle analysis. lee@lee.rub.de Dr.-Ing. Jyotirmay Mathur is a mechanical engineer with a postgraduate degree in energy studies from Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India; and doctorate from the University of Essen, Germany. He specializes in the areas of renewable energy systems, energy policy modeling and energy efficiency in buildings. As Associate Professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department of Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Dr. Mathur has been the founder coordinator of the postgraduate program in energy engineering and is presently working as coordinator of the Center for Energy and Environment at his institute. jyotirmay.mathur@gmail.com; jyotirmay@mnit.ac.in 123

2 Glossary Alternating Current (AC) An electric current that reverses its direction at regularly recurring intervals, usually 50 or 60 times per second. Today s grids are operated by Alternating Current. Bar Unit for water pressure, 1 bar is equal to 0, 1 Megapascal (MPa). One per mille bar is called 1mbar. One bar is the pressure of a water pile of 9.81 m height. Gigawatt (GW) A unit of power equal to 1 billion Watts, 1 million kilowatts, or 1,000 megawatts. 1kg m2 Joule (J) A standard international unit of energy; 1 J is equal to s in the 2 SI-unit system and equal to 1 Watt second (Ws), 1,055 Joules are equal to 1 BTU. Kelvin (K) International unit of temperature. Zero Kelvin is equal to C. Kelvin is also used as unit for temperature differences. Kilowatt (kw) A standard unit of electrical power equal to 1000 watts, or to the energy consumption at a rate of 1,000 joules per second. Kilowatt hour (kwh) 1,000 thousand watts acting over a period of 1 hour. The kwh is a unit of energy. 1 kwh = 3,600 kj. Megawatt (MW) 1,000 kilowatts, or 1 million watts, standard measure of electric power plant generating capacity. Megawatt hour (MWh) 1,000 kilowatts hours or 1 million watt hours. Watt (W) The rate of energy transfer equivalent to one ampere under an electrical pressure of one volt. One watt equals 1/746 horsepower, or one joule per second. It is the product of voltage and current (amperage). Watt hour (Wh) A standard international unit of electrical energy. 1 watt acting over a period of 1 hour is equal to 1 Wh. 125

3 Index A Active power, Adjustable blades, 22, 66 Annapolis Royal, 97 Austria, 87 Availability based tariff, 115 Axial flow turbines, 71 B Ball valve, 64 Banki turbine, 72 Bar, 6 Base load, 8, 25 Benefits, 33, Bernoulli equation, 42 Brazil, 13 14, 16 Bulb turbine, 75 Bulk electricity tariff, 115 C Canada, 13, 97 Capacity, 21, 24 Cascaded hydropower plants, 40 Cavern, 23, 60 Cavitation, China, 13 15, 79 Clean Development Mechanism, 32, Computational fluid dynamics, 47 Concrete dam, 53 Control gate, 22, 64 Control valve, 22, 64, 66 Cost of hydropower plants, 112 Crossflow turbine, 72, 74 Current power, 12, 98 D Dam, 22, 53 Dam with backfill, 54 Denmark, 102 Diversion canal, 5 E Ecological potential, 109 Efficiency, 10, Environmental credit, 117 European Union, 30, 116 Evaporation temperature, 41, 45 F Fall height, 21, 43 Feed-in tariff, 114 Ferroconcrete dam, 54 Firm power, 24, 37 Fish passes, 65, 67 Flow-duration curve, France, 13, 97 Francis turbine, 6, 8, 72 73, 77, 82, 90 G Generator, 22, 49, Generator operation, 24, 92 Germany, 13, 17 18, 29, 57, 61, 114, 116 Goldisthal, 17, 61 Gravitation, 95 Great Britain, 13, 97 Guide blades, 22, 68 Guide vanes, 22,

4 128 Index H Hawaii, 106 Head, 24 Hoover hydropower station, 55 Hurum, 108 Hydropower policy, 120 I Impulse turbine, 72 Incompressibility of water, 41 India, 12 13, 18, 29, 31 33, 101, 114, 116 Initial cost, 112 International Commission Large Dams, 120 International Energy Agency, 120 International Hydropower Association, 120 Itaipu, 13, 16, 112 Italy, 13, 98 J James Francis, 77 Japan, 12, 103 Joint Implementation, 32 K Kaplan turbine, 6, 8, 11, 71, 75, 87, 90, 96 Kelvin, 104 Kilowatt, 2 Kilowatt hour, 2 Kobold, O Ocean current, 98, 109 Operation cost, 113 Osmosis, 106 Osmotic power plant, 106 Osmotic pressure, 107 Ossberger turbine, 72, 74 OTEC, 11, , 108, 110 P Peak load, Peak load supply, 21 Pelamis, Pelton turbine, 8, 73, 83, 86, 90 Pelton wheel, 73, 84 Penstock, 22, 58 Per capita consumption, 119 Phase shift operation, 24 Pit turbine, 88 Plant utilization factor, 113 Pole pair, 50 Poles, 50 Portugal, 13, 103 Potential, 109, 120 Pressure pipe, 22 23, 60 Propeller turbine, 6, 11, 75 76, 87, 90 Pump, 23, Pumped storage power plants, 9 Pumping operation, 92 Q Quota system, 116 L La Rance, 97 Lester Pelton, 83 LIMPET, 101 Luxemburg, 17, 52 M Maintenance costs, 113 Marine Current Turbines Ltd, Membrane, 107 Middle load, Mixed flow turbines, 72 Motor operation, 92 N Norway, 13, , R Radial flow turbines, 71 Rated power, 21 Reaction turbine, 73, 77 Reactive power, 10, 25 28, 93 Regular year, 24 Renewable Energy Certificates, 116 Reservoir, 9, 22, 51 Rhine River, 37 River power plant, 5 S Salary, 114 Salinity gradient, 106 Schluchsee, 57 Scotland, 99, 101 Seaflow, 99

5 Index 129 Seagen, Secure power, 24, 37 Shaft, 50 51, 68 Shut-off valves, 64 Soil dam, 53 Solar energy, 4 South Korea, 97 Specific speed, 82 Speed of a synchronous generator, 50 Spillway, 22, 54 Spiral casing, 22, 59 Statkraft, Stilling basin, 22, 56, 58 Stingray, 99 Storage power plant, 6 8 Straflo turbine, 75, 88 S-turbine, 88 Surge chamber, 22, 54, 57 Synchronous generator, 50, 93 Turbine, 22 Turbine operation, 24, 91 Turn valve, 64 Two-block-system, Tyson turbine, 88 U UNFCCC, 32 Upwelling phenomenon, 98 USA, 14, 55, 83 Utilization factor, 113 V Vertical turbine, 75, 77 Vianden, 17, 52 Viktor Kaplan, 87 Voith Hydro, 73, 75, 78, 83, 87, 101 T Tailrace, 22, 59 Tapchan, 102 Tax Incentives, 117 Technical potential, 109 Three Gorges Dam, 15, 112 Three-block-system, Throttle valve, 64 Tidal power, 11, 95 97, 109 Tides, Time dependent rates, 116 Transformer, 50 Trivandrum, 12, 101 Tunnel, 40, 60, 62 W Watt, 2 Wave Dragon, 102 Wave power, 11, 100, 110 Wave Star, 103 Wave Star Energy, 104 Wells-turbine, 102 World Commission on Dams, 33 Y Yagishiri, 12, 103 Yangtze river,