Sanjay Kumar Gupta Anushree Malik Faizal Bux. Editors. Algal Biofuels. Recent Advances and Future Prospects

Transcription

1 Algal Biofuels

2 Sanjay Kumar Gupta Anushree Malik Faizal Bux Editors Algal Biofuels Recent Advances and Future Prospects

3 Editors Sanjay Kumar Gupta Environmental Engineering Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi, Delhi India Anushree Malik Applied Microbiology Laboratory Centre for Rural Development and Technology Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi, Delhi India Faizal Bux Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology Durban University of Technology Durban, South Africa ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

4 Preface Algae are the first and most basic photosynthetic life-forms, and have more than 20 times higher growth rates than conventional crops. Microalgae, the simplest and tiniest form of plants, hold amazing potential for the sequestration of various nutrients from water to carbon dioxide from air. Algal biomass can be used for food, bioremediation, biofuels, and a number of speciality chemicals. These simplest of organisms hold great potential desperately required for sustainable and renewable management of food, fodder, and fuels, if managed in a scientific manner. Over the past few decades, tremendous developments have been made in the field of algal technologies. It include enhancement of algae cultivation techniques for biomass production, innovations in harvesting techniques, and development of efficient techniques for conversion of biomass to various biofuels. Simultaneously, efforts have been made to take advantage of multiple avenues of exploitation such as remediation of contaminated water and sequestration of atmospheric CO 2 for the production of algal biomass for biofuels and other products. Laboratory-scale cultivation, biomass production, and subsequent biofuel conversion are promisingly impressive; however, the pilot-scale production of biofuels is still in its infancy for various reasons. Recent advances in algal biotechnology, molecular techniques, and genetic, chemical, and mechanical engineering have changed the production landscape for algae from dismal to promising. Algal biofuels are a crucial part of the road map for strategic management of the future crisis of petroleum-based fuels, and could also be a sustainable solution for wastewater treatment and climate change abatement. Though algae will not be the answer that singularly resolves sustainability issues, algal biofuels are poised to provide a sustainable alternative which can meet increasing world demand for food and energy. The book entitled Algal Biofuels: Recent Advances and Future Prospects focuses on the role and potentialities of algae in phycoremediation and biofuel production. This book is based on various scientific viewpoints and field experiences, and shares the fascinating compilation of extraordinary innovations v

5 vi Preface occurring in the field of algal biofuels. It is comprised of 21 chapters contributed by 70 authors from 9 countries, namely, India, China, the USA, Sweden, South Korea, Japan, Egypt, Oman, and South Africa. All the chapters were selected logically and arranged to provide comprehensive state-of-the-art information on practical aspects of cultivation, harvesting, biomass processing, and biofuel production from algae. Each chapter discusses topics with simplicity and clarity. All the chapters and their contents are supported by extensive citations of available literature, calculations, and assumptions based on realistic facts and figures on the current status of research and development in this field. Chapter 1 provides detailed information about the state-of-the-art developments and the roles of biotechnological engineering in improving ecophysiology, biomass, and lipid yield of microalgae. Chapter 2 summarizes the screening of various micro and macroalgae species used for the production of biofuels. Chapter 3 deals with the applications, process constraints, and future needs for the development of various types of algal biofuels. Chapter 4 provides insights about algal biofilms. Chapter 5 discusses integrated approaches of environmental management by providing extensive information on how algal technologies can be used for wastewater treatment with the concomitant production of algal biomass for biofuels. A synthetic ecological engineering approach towards sustainable production of biofuel feedstocks is discussed in Chap. 6. This chapter discusses the exploration of suitable algal consortia which can be used for the production of algal biomass for biofuels. The optimization of the algal biomass production is one of the vital aspects of algal biofuels. A specific topic on the modeling of the effects of operational parameters on algal growth is covered in Chap. 7. Recent developments for improving the ecophysiology of microalgae are discussed in detail in Chap. 8. Previous studies have demonstrated the unique potential of algae for the removal of several heavy metals from water and wastewater. Chapter 9 summarizes such aspects of numerous algal species. Several microalgal species possess the unique potential of sequestration of various nutrients and chemicals. Such species are widely used nowadays for the treatment of wastewater. Therefore, wastewater treatment is coupled with algal biomass production, another significant aspect of algal technologies. Chapter 10 deals with the critical evaluation of algal biofuel production processes using wastewater. Due to the very small size of microalgae, the harvesting of microalgal biomass is one of the largest techno-economical hurdles in the present scenario. Chapter 11 provides comprehensive information on various technologies used for the harvesting of microalgae, their pros and cons, as well as the recent advances that have been made in this field. Similarly, Chap. 12 provides overall insights into key issues related to pilot-scale production, harvesting, and processing of algal biomass for biofuels. Together with the cultivation, production, and harvesting of microalgal biomass, another crucial aspect is pretreatment of algal biomass for the production of biofuels. Therefore, it would be an unjust to the readers of this book if a chapter dedicated to pretreatment had not been included. Chapter 13 summarizes

6 Preface vii comprehensive information regarding various techniques used for the pretreatment of algal biomass during the production of biofuels. Algal biomass can be used for the production of a range of biofuels, such as biomethane, biohydrogen, ethanol, bio-crude oil, syngas, and biodiesel. Chapters 14 to 19, deal with recent technological advancements, environmental and economic sustainability aspects of algal lipid extraction, and its conversion into biodiesel, biomethane, and biohydrogen or its hydrothermal liquefaction as promising pathways for bioenergy production. A chapter (20) dedicated to the challenges and opportunities in the commercialization of algal biofuels is also included. This chapter provides a realistic assessment of various techno-economical aspects of pilot-scale algal biofuel production and its potential for commercialization. The last chapter (21) deals with the life cycle assessment of algal biofuels. In a summation, this edited volume provides a wealth of information based on realistic evaluations of contemporary developments in algal biofuel research with an emphasis on pilot-scale studies. Prospects for the commercialization of algal biofuels is another highlight of book. New Delhi, India New Delhi, India Durban, South Africa Sanjay Kumar Gupta Anushree Malik Faizal Bux

7 Acknowledgments First and foremost, I thank the Almighty God for sustaining the enthusiasm with which I plunged into this endeavor. I avail this opportunity to express my profound sense of sincere and deep gratitude to many people who are responsible for the knowledge and experience I have gained during this book project. First of all, I would like to dedicate this book to my postdoc mentor, Prof. Faizal Bux (Co-Editor), who had given me the opportunity to work in this area. I learned the alphabets of algal technologies during my postdoc at the Institute for Water and Wastewater Technologies, Durban University of Technology, South Africa. From the bottom of my heart, I would also like to thank all the fellow researchers of the institute for their support and help in my learning. I would like to express my deepest appreciation to Dr. Anushree Malik (Co-Editor) Indian Institute of Technology Delhi. She continually and convincingly conveyed a spirit of adventure in regard to this book. Without her guidance and persistent help, this book would not have been possible. I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to all the 70 authors from India, China, the USA, Sweden, South Korea, Japan, Egypt, Oman, and South Africa. Their contributions are sincerely appreciated and gratefully acknowledged. I express my sincere gratitude to all the faculties of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, for their wholehearted support and encouragement for this book. I do not have words to express my thankfulness to my mother Smt. Manju Gupta and younger brother Mr. Ajay Gupta who kept me agile and supported in all frontages. It would be unfair on my part if I fail to record the support, encouragement, and silent sacrifices of my wife Preeti and kids Shubhangi and Adweta for this book. New Delhi, India Sanjay Kumar Gupta ix

8 Contents Recent Advances and Future Prospects of Microalgal Lipid Biotechnology... 1 B. Ravindran, Mayur B. Kurade, Akhil N. Kabra, Byong-Hun Jeon, and Sanjay Kumar Gupta Comprehensive Screening of Micro-and Macroalgal Species for Bioenergy Chitralekha Nag Dasgupta and Sanjeeva Nayaka Microalgae for Biofuels: Applications, Process Constraints and Future Needs Faiz Ahmad Ansari, Ajam Yakub Shekh, Sanjay Kumar Gupta, and Faizal Bux Algal Biofilm Systems: An Answer to Algal Biofuel Dilemma Poonam Choudhary, Anushree Malik, and Kamal K. Pant Algal Technologies for Wastewater Treatment and Biofuels Production: An Integrated Approach for Environmental Management N.K. Singh, A.K. Upadhyay, and U.N. Rai Exploring Microalgae Consortia for Biomass Production: A Synthetic Ecological Engineering Approach Towards Sustainable Production of Biofuel Feedstock Vikas Kumar Patel, Narendra Kumar Sahoo, Akash Kumar Patel, Prasant Kumar Rout, Satya Narayan Naik, and Alok Kalra Modeling the Effects of Operational Parameters on Algae Growth Mahmoud Nasr, Mohamed Ateia, and Kareem Hassan xi

9 xii Contents Recent Advances in Improving Ecophysiology of Microalgae for Biofuels Amit K. Bajhaiya, S.K. Mandotra, Archana Ansolia, and Amit Barsana Phycoremediation of Heavy Metals Coupled with Generation of Bioenergy Mayuri Chabukdhara, Sanjay Kumar Gupta, and Manashjit Gogoi Critical Evaluation of Algal Biofuel Production Processes Using Wastewater Sudheer Kumar Shukla, Joseph V. Thanikal, Latifa Haouech, Sanjay Govind Patil, and Vivek Kumar Advancements in Algal Harvesting Techniques for Biofuel Production Megha Mathur, Arghya Bhattacharya, and Anushree Malik Key Issues in Pilot Scale Production, Harvesting and Processing of Algal Biomass for Biofuels Amritanshu Shriwastav and Sanjay Kumar Gupta Algal Biomass Pretreatment for Improved Biofuel Production Vishal Mishra, Akhilesh Dubey, and Sanjeev Kumar Prajapti Environmental and Economic Sustainability of Algal Lipid Extractions: An Essential Approach for the Commercialization of Algal Biofuels Steffi Jose and S. Archanaa Catalytic Conversion of Microalgal Lipids to Biodiesel: Overview and Recent Advances Abhishek Guldhe, Krishan Ramluckan, Poonam Singh, Ismail Rawat, Suresh Kumar Mahalingam, and Faizal Bux Biomethanation Potential of Algal Biomass Barkha Vaish, Pooja Singh, Prabhat Kumar Singh, and Rajeev Pratap Singh Technological Advances in Biohydrogen Production from Microalgae Sheena Kumari, Mahmoud Nasr, and Santhosh Kumar Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL): A Promising Pathway for Biorefinery of Algae Chunyan Tian, Zhidan Liu, and Yuanhui Zhang Recent Advances in Production of Biofuel and Commodity Chemicals from Algal Biomass Shireen Quereshi, Ejaz Ahmad, K.K. Pant, and Suman Dutta

10 Contents xiii Challenges and Opportunities in Commercialization of Algal Biofuels Dipesh Kumar, Bhaskar Singh, and Yogesh Chandra Sharma Ecological, Economical and Life Cycle Assessment of Algae and Its Biofuel Virendra Kumar, Ravindra Prasad Karela, John Korstad, Sanjeev Kumar, Rahul Srivastava, and Kuldeep Bauddh