Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University 2. Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University 4

Transcription

1 Receptor modelling of surface atmospheric particulate matter in support of aircraft measurements of Boreal forest fire smoke outflow over Eastern Canada during the summer of 2011! Mark Gibson 1*, James Kuchta 1, Lucy Chisholm 2, Tom Duck 3, Richard Leaitch 4, Jason Hopper 3, Stephen Beauchamp 2, David Waugh 2, Gavin King 1, Jeffrey Pierce 3, David Oram 5, Paul Palmer 6! 1 Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University 2 Environment Canada, Dartmouth 3 Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University 4 Environment Canada, Toronto 5 School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia 6 School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh *mark.gibson@dal.ca, tel: ! Photo: Kuchta th congress of the Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society (CMOS), Montreal, 2012

2 Objectives of the Dalhousie Ground Station (DGS) PM 2.5 sampling during BORTAS! To offer compara+ve and valida+on data for other ground based measurements: Lidar, FTIR, size- resolved par+cle counts, real- +me PM composi+on and ozone. To offer valida+on of chemical transport and air quality forecast models for surface PM in Halifax during BORTAS. Determine the source contribu+on to PM 2.5 from forest fires (and other sources) impac+ng the surface in Halifax.

3 Materials and Methods! Daily sampling of PM 2.5 simultaneously onto six separate filters (2x teflon, nylon and 3x pre-fired quartz)! 45 days of uninterrupted sampling spanning July 11, 2011 to 25 August, 2011! Chemical analysis of collected PM 2.5 for elements, carbon species, anions, cations, organic species (woodsmoke markers) > Receptor Modelling! Supporting Atmospheric Forensic Evidence: BORTAS aircraft measurements, true colour satellite images, lidar, chemical transport models, air quality forecast models, air mass back/forward trajectory models!

4 Biomass Burning over Canada seen hrp://lance- modis.eosdis.nasa.gov/imagery/gallery/ / Canada.A km.jpg 20 June 25 July 2011

5 Comparison of DGS real-time PM 2.5 observations with other collocated measurements and GEM-MACH PM 2.5 output! DGS Con+nuous PM 2.5 (DustTrak) Halifax NAPS PM 2.5 (BAM) Lake Major NAPS PM 2.5 (BAM) DGS EC Ultrafine Monitor (PM 2.5 ) DGS EC APS (2.64 µm) GEM- MACH PM 2.5 Courtesy of Lucy Chisholm, EC, Dartmouth

6 Comparison of DGS real-time black carbon observations with collocated size-resolved particle number, CO and ACSM SO 4 and Organic Carbon! Courtesy of Jeff Pierce, Dalhousie, Physics and Atmospheric Science

7 FLEXPART 5- DAY Air Parcel Forward Trajectory Model July 17 to July 22, 2011 Air parcel crosses large forest fire in Northern Ontario, eventually impac+ng Halifax, Nova Sco+a Courtesy of Jason Hopper, Research Scien+st, Atmospheric Op+cs Lab (AOL) & Atmospheric Forensics research Group (AFRG) Dalhousie

8 FLEXPART Model of the Ontario forest fire smoke concentra+on directly above Halifax - July 20 to July 22, 2011 Courtesy of Jason Hopper, Research Scien+st, AOL & AFRG Dalhousie

9 Additional Evidence To Support PM 2.5 Receptor Modelling Results! Dalhousie Lidar! GEOS-5 CO from boreal biomass burning, _00z! Spiral aircraft profiles over Halifax, 21 July 2011! FLEXPART Model

10 Additional Evidence To Support PM 2.5 Receptor Modelling Results! Dalhousie Lidar! GEOS-5 CO from boreal biomass burning, _00z! PM 2.5 mass [µg m - 3 ] FLEXPART Model DGS PM 2.5 Filter Samples Spiral aircraft profiles over Halifax, 21 July 2011!

11 Dalhousie University Ground Station Sampling Sir James Dunn Building! 4x Thermo ChemCombs, 24- hr PM 2.5 Specia+on 3x 47 mm pre- fired quartz and 1x 47 mm nylon filter Magee Aethalometer Con+nuous black carbon Thermo Par+sol dichot, 24- hr 47 mm Teflon Filters PM 2.5 and PM Con+nuous PM 10, PM 2.5 and PM 1.0 (DustTrak) photometers

12 BORTAS Sampling for Receptor Modelling of PM 2.5! Thermo Par+sol D and Thermo 2300 Chemical Specia+on Samplers 2x Quartz Quartz Filter Filter Quartz Filter Nylon Nylon Filter Filter Teflon Teflon Filter Filter Organic Carbon & Elemental Carbon! and Woodsmoke Markers! (Thermo Trace1300GC-ISQMS Thermo TripleQuadMS)!! Organic Species (PAHs/Pesticides/ Phenolics)! (Thermo Trace1300GC-ISQMS)!! Anions & Cations (Thermo Dionex ICS-1000)!! PM 2.5 mass & 33 elements (Thermo Quant X ED-XRF)!!!

13 BORTAS Sampling for Receptor Modelling of PM 2.5! Thermo Par+sol D and Thermo 2300 Chemical Specia+on Samplers 2x Quartz Quartz Filter Filter Quartz Filter Nylon Nylon Filter Filter Teflon Teflon Filter Filter Organic Carbon & Elemental Carbon! and Woodsmoke Markers! (Thermo Trace1300GC-ISQMS Thermo TripleQuadMS)!! Organic Species (PAHs/Pesticides/ Phenolics)! (Thermo Trace1300GC-ISQMS)!! Anions & Cations (Thermo Dionex ICS-1000)!! PM 2.5 mass & 33 elements (Thermo Quant X ED-XRF)!!! US Environmental Protection Agency Positive Matrix Factorization Model v3.0!

14 Major Species [ppb] Long Range Transport Iden+fied by SO 4 and NO Total PM 2.5 [µg/m 3 ] SO4 NO3 Total PM2.5

15 Sea Salt and Combus+on Sources Iden+fied by NaCl and Black Carbon respec+vely Macro Species [µg/m 3 ] Total PM 2.5 [µg/m 3 ] Cl Na BC Total PM2.5

16 Sea Salt and Combus+on Sources Iden+fied by NaCl and Black Carbon respec+vely Macro Species [µg/m 3 ] Red circle has been arributed to forest fire smoke from Northern Ontario Total PM 2.5 [µg/m 3 ] Cl Na BC Total PM2.5

17 Surface Dust 14.0 Micro Species [µg/m 3 ] Total PM 2.5 [µg/m 3 ] K Si Ca Fe Al Total PM2.5

18 Micro Species [µg/m 3 ] Forest Fire Smoke Iden+fied by increased K Total PM 2.5 [µg/m 3 ] K Si Ca Fe Al Total PM2.5

19 Ship Emissions Iden+fied by Ni and V Trace Species [ng/m 3 ] Total PM 2.5 [µg/m 3 ] Ni V Zn Cu Ba Br Mn Total PM2.5

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22 ! Common Receptor Models include (but not limited too) Pragmatic Mass Reconstruction from chemical species present e.g. NH 4 NO 3 = (NH 4 *4.44)*0.29 (pb water)! Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) source profile modelling! Multivariate receptor models.! e.g. PCA, APCA, Bayesian, PMF!!

23 ! Posi5ve matrix factoriza5on (PMF) USEPA Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) v3.0 Receptor Model! is a multivariate factor model that decomposes a matrix of speciated sample data into two matrices:-!! factor (source) profiles and! factor contributions! Identification of the PM source in each factor profile is aided by wind direction analysis, chemical transport models, other supporting air pollution observations and emission inventories.!! The goal of PMF multivariate receptor modelling is to attribute the amount of mass contributed by each source to each individual PM 2.5 sample.!! Results are constrained so that no sample can have a negative source contribution hence Positive Matrix Factorization!

24 Example PMF Factor Profiles and Factor Mass Contribution to PM 2.5 over any given sampling period!

25 PMF Factor Profile Source Iden+fica+on for BORTAS Factor Profiles Ship Emissions Factor Profile Factor Profiles Long Range Transport Factor Profile Factor Profiles Sea Salt Factor Profile

26 Factor Profiles BORTAS Factor Profile Source Iden+fica+on Ship Emissions Factor Profile Long Range Transport Factor Profile Factor Profiles ctor Profiles Sea Salt Factor Profile Ni, V, SO 4 and BC (not shown) are good chemical markers for ship emissions

27 BORTAS Factor Profile Source Iden+fica+on Factor Profiles Biomass Burning Source Profile BC and K are good chemical markers for forest fire smoke

28 BORTAS Factor Profile Source Iden+fica+on Factor Profiles Surface Dust Al, Ca, Fe and Si are good chemical markers for surface dust

29 QA/QC of PMF Receptor Model Predicted v Obs of Individual Species

30 QA/QC of PMF Receptor Model Predicted v Obs of Individual Species Observed Concentra+on Predicted Concentra+on Ni Concentra+on [µg/m 3 ] Concentra+on [µg/m 3 ]

31 DGS PM 2.5 Source Contributions During BORTAS! Biomass Burning Surface Dust Shipping Emissions BORTAS Factor Profile Time Series Summer 2011 Long Range Transport Sea Salt Vehicle Emissions [µg m - 3 ]

32 DGS PM 2.5 Source Contributions During BORTAS! [µg m - 3 ] Biomass Burning Surface Dust Shipping Emissions BORTAS Factor Profile Time Series Summer 2011 Long Range Transport Sea Salt Vehicle Emissions Likely contribu+on from the Northern Ontario Forest Fire

33 PM 2.5 Source Contribution Directional Dependence During BORTAS! [µg m - 3 ], Secondary PM

34 Average PM 2.5 Source Contribution During BORTAS! Vehicles 1% (0.013 µg/m 3 ) Surface Dust 13% (0.5 µg/m 3 ) Biomass Burning 8% (0.3 µg/m 3 ) Secondary PM 66% (2.3 µg/m 3 ) Shipping Emissions 12% (0.43 µg/m 3 ) Average Total PM 2.5 mass 3.54 µg/m 3

35 Summary! Filter based and continuous PM 2.5 mass and species measurements complement the aircraft, Lidar and other collocated gas and PM measurements.! PM measurements agreed well with chemical transport models.! Average forest fire smoke contribution to surface PM 2.5 determined by PMF receptor modelling = 8% of total mass (0.3 µg/m 3 ).! Other local and long-range average PM 2.5 source contributions:! Surface Dust 13% (0.5 µg/m 3 )! Secondary PM 66% (2.3 µg/m 3 )! Ship emissions 12% (0.43 µg/m 3 )! Vehicles 1% (0.013 µg/m 3 ) PMF will be re-run with cations, wood smoke markers and organics when they become available!

36 Acknowledgements! Professor Paul Palmer (BORTAS lead) University of Edinburgh, School of GeoSciences for funding project consumables via Philip Leverhulme Prize.! Health Canada for the loan of the Magee Aethalometer, DustTraks and ChemComb samplers.! CD-NOVA for the loan of the Thermo Partisol 2025-Dichot.! Environment Canada for their continued support of the AFRG.! Nova Scotia Environment for their continued support of the AFRG.! Photo: Kuchta 2012