Approaches to Heavy Metal Tolerance in Plants

Transcription

1 Approaches to Heavy Metal Tolerance in Plants

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3 Sumira Jan Javid Ahmad Parray Approaches to Heavy Metal Tolerance in Plants

4 Sumira Jan Division of Biotechnology ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India Javid Ahmad Parray Centre of Research for Development University of Kashmir Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Science+Business Media Singapore Pte Ltd.

5 Dr. Mahmooduzzafar Prof. Azra N Kamili Dedicated to our respected mentors and teachers Thanks for infusing us with curiosity to learn nature and respect natural laws. We don t know where your infl uence stops. With you, we became seekers and explorers.

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7 Contents 1 Heavy Metal Uptake in Plants Introduction Metal Ion Binding to Extracellular Exudates and to the Cell Wall Metal Ion Transport Through the Plasma Membrane in Roots ZIP Family NRAMP Family Copper Transporter Family Reduced Metal Uptake and Efflux Pumping at the Plasma Membrane Root-to-Shoot Metal Translocation Metal Storage HMA Family of Transporters MATE Family of Efflux Proteins Oligopeptide Transporter Family Heavy Metal Chelation in the Cytosol Phytochelatins Metallothioneins (MTs) Ferritins Organic Acids, Amino Acids, and Phosphate Derivatives Metal Sequestration in the Vacuole by Tonoplast Transporters The ABC Transporters The CDF Transporters The HMA Transporters CaCA Transporters NRAMP Transporters References Metal Tolerance Strategy in Plants Heavy Metal Interaction with Other Nutrients Inversion of Metal Toxicity with Nutrient Element Interactions Role of Phytochelatins in Metal Tolerance vii

8 viii Contents 2.4 Metal Complex Formation by PCs Metal Chelation with Reference to Cadmium by Phytochelatins (PCs) Chelation of Heavy Metals by Metallothioneins (MTs) Metal Detoxification by Organic Acids, Amino Acids, and Other Phosphate Derivatives References Heavy Metal Stress Signalling in Plants Introduction Direct Action of Heavy Metals Indirect Action of Heavy Metals Hormone Signalling Pathways Signalling Through Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Review of Abiotic Stress Features Generating MAPK Activity Plant Hormones Induced MAPK Activity MAPK Modules Involved Both in Plant Development and in Stress Response Strategies to Elucidate Stress-Stimulated MAPKs and Allied Plant Stress Tolerance Stratagem for Genetic Manipulations of Kinases and Their Targets with Biotechnological Prospective Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis with Genetically Modified MAPKs Tolerance Strategy in Plants Exhibiting Genetically Tailored MAPKs References Use of Mycorrhiza as Metal Tolerance Strategy in Plants Introduction Root Cell Wall and Exudates Plasma Membrane Expression and Role of Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) Mechanism of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi for Phytoremediation Phytostabilization Phytoextraction Developmental Patterns of AMF During Heavy Metal Stress Ecological Development of the Rhizosphere by AMF References... 65

9 Contents ix 5 Phytoremediation: A Green Technology Introduction Phytoextraction Phytostabilization Rhizofiltration Phytovolatilization Fundamental Mechanism of Heavy Metals and Inorganic Contaminant Uptake and Transport Accumulation and Sequestration Hereditary Basis of Tolerance Basic Mechanisms: Organic Contaminants Mechanisms of Genetic Controls: Candidate Genes Investigation and Classification of Enzymes and Proteins Transgenic Strategies Metal Transporters and Interactions in Membranes at Molecular Level Feature Controlling the Metal Uptake Selection of Plant Species Characteristics of Medium Rhizosphere Vegetative Uptake Addition of Chelating Agent Advantages of Phytoremediation Phytoremediation for Hydraulic Regulation of Pollutants Riparian Corridors Vegetative Cover Phytoremediation to Treat Metal Contaminants Constructed Wetlands Vegetative Caps Soil Conditioning Fortification of Riparian Corridors Limitations of Phytoremediation Technology Relevance of Phytoremediation References Concepts for Improving Phytoremediation by Plant Engineering Introduction Classic Genetic Studies and Modern Approach for Improving Phytoremediation Improved Metal Sequestration, Metal Transporters, and Allied Biomolecules via Genetic Engineering... 92

10 x Contents 6.4 Genetic Manipulation of Metal-Sequestration Proteins and Peptides Genetic Engineering for Encoding Metal Ion Transporters Genetic Engineering of Enzymes to Enhance Phytovolatilization Improving Zinc Phytoremediation Efficiency References Biodiversity Prospecting for Phytoremediation of Metals in the Environment Introduction Metal Hyperaccumulators for Phytoremediation Ornamental Plants Serpentinophytes and Metal Hyperaccumulation Vegetables Crops Plant Products as Biosorbents of Toxic Metals Elemental Allelopathy and Role of Hyperaccumulators and Serpentinophytes Molecular and Transgenic Approaches for Phytoremediation Phytoremediation Technology for Enhancing Chelation References

11 About the Authors Sumira Jan is presently working as research scientist in ICAR Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture at Rangreth, Srinagar, Jammu, and Kashmir, , India. She obtained her M. Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi. She completed her postdoc in Later on, she joined as tenure track, early career scientist at the Centre of Research for Development (CORD) at the University of Kashmir. She has been actively engaged in research and teaching in the field of plant physiology and ecophysiology since Her major research interests include plant biochemistry and plant metabolomics, radiation biology, stress ecophysiology, and medicinal and aromatic herbs along with their mass cultivation and bioefficacy. Dr. Jan has been awarded with doctoral research grant by the Korean Government Scholarship Program (KGSP) through MHRD in the field of environment. Dr. Jan is a recipient of several awards including both national and international scientific organizations. In addition to her awards, she has been awarded with numerous research grants in the field of plant sciences from UGC, DBT, and DST. Apart from research expertise, she has also advanced her research towards the biological efficacy of herbs as well as plant improvement. Her work has been published in various international journals. She has consistent flair for scientific writing and loves to communicate her research findings. She has been an active member of the American Society of Plant Physiology and Indian Women Scientists. xi

12 xii About the Authors Javid Ahmad Parray is presently working as research scientist at the Centre of Research for Development (CORD) at the University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu, and Kashmir, , India. He is a recipient of the Emerging Scientist Award 2015 by the Indian Academy of Environmental Science (IAES) Haridwar. He obtained his M. Sc. M.Phil. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Kashmir. He has qualified for state-level competitive examinations like SET. He completed his doctorate in After that, he joined as research associate in an important network mission on saffron. He has contributed numerous international papers and added various data sets pertaining to crop improvement via PGPRs. He has been actively engaged in research and teaching in the field of environment sciences, environment biotechnology, microbial ecology and plant microbe interactions since His main research subject encompasses microbial diversity, ecophysiology, stress physiology, and medicinal and aromatic herbs along with their mass cultivation and bioefficacy. Dr. Javid has presented his work at national and international platforms and was awarded with numerous awards for his immense contribution in the field of plant improvement.