How to Specify Storage Systems Needed in Our Future Electric Grid

Transcription

1 How to Specify Storage Systems Needed in Our Future Electric Grid German American Frontiers of Engineering March 3, 212 Potsdam Daniel Wolf

2 Structure 1) Structure of German electricity system 2) Overview on storage technologies 3) Case study: Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage co-located with wind energy - Modeling - Operational regime - Economics 4) Conclusion *RES: Renewable Energy Sources

3 Projected installed generation capacity in Germany according to BMU Leadscenario 21 ratio of inst. Capacity with intermittent to dispatchable power feed-in: 25: 1:5 Installed gross capacity [GW] RES fossil RES Import int. Photovoltaics Wind onshore Wind offshore Hydro Biomass, Biogas Geothermal CHP, fossil Gas Coal intermittent dispatchable Today: 1:2 22: 1:1 24: 2: Fig.: Projected developmet of inst. generation capacitiy in Germany according to BMU Leadscenario 21 Nuclear Slide 3 GAFOE, March 212

4 Comparison of storage technologies and services Storage Technologies 1, Discharge rating period [h] [h] H2 Services Long-term wind compensation 1, 1,,1,1,1,1 Redox Flow Fig.: Fraunhofer UMSICHT NaS Flywheel Double layer capacitor CAES LA / Li Battery SMES,1,1, Power ratings [MW] Pumped Hydro Spot market trading Tertiary reserve Secondary reserve Primary reserve Voltage sag correction Slide 5 GAFOE, March 212

5 Compressed Air Energy Storage only in Germany and the USA Huntorf, Germany (1978) 6 MW komp / 32 MW exp Storage volume: 56 MWh el Fig.: E.ON Energie McIntosh, USA (1991) 5 MW komp / 11 MW exp Storage volume: 264 MWh el Fig.: Energy Storage & Power LLC Slide 6 GAFOE, March 212

6 Reference energy system according to northern Germany 38 kv 11 kv Storage: Harvest surplus wind energy A-CAES: Day-ahead spot market A-CAES: Tertiary reserve market Slide 7 GAFOE, March 212

7 GOMES - objective function and boundary conditions* Storage plant parameters Constant cycle efficiency Stand-by storage losses Ramp-rate Start-up time (cold start) Part load ability Start-up cost Variable operation cost.68.5%/day 3 MW/h 15 min > 5%P max 15 /MW 2 /MWh revenue: Revenue from the storage plant operator point of view income: Income of the storage plant operation cost: Short term marginal cost of storage plant operation revenue = T= 1 t= 1 [ income cost ] max! T,t T,t *See also: Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage co-located with wind energy multifunctional storage commitment optimization for the German market using GOMES, Int. Journal of Energy Systems, Springer, 211, DOI: 1.17/s Slide 8 GAFOE, March 212

8 Optimal storage plant configuration within the reference energy system NPV [Mio. ] NPV Optimal storage plant configuration given an installed charging power of 7 MW Discharging: 4 MW Storage volume: 7h inst. turbine power [MW] storage volume [h] Slide 9 GAFOE, March 212

9 Compressed Air Energy Storage only in Germany and the USA Huntorf, Germany (1978) 6 MW komp / 32 MW exp Storage volume: 56 MWh el / 31. m³ Fig.: E.ON Energie McIntosh, USA (1991) 5 MW komp / 11 MW exp Storage volume: 264 MWh el / 538. m³ Fig.: Energy Storage & Power LLC Slide 1 GAFOE, March 212

10 Wind farm output and spot market prices Compressor, left axis [MW] Wind farm, right axis [MW] Turbine, left axis [MW] kv transmission restriction: 26 MW Wind farm output Five-day period within the year 27 SOC, left axis [MWh] Spot market, right axis [ /MWh] time [h] Spot market price Slide 11 GAFOE, March 212

11 A-CAES operation Compressor, left axis [MW] Wind farm, right axis [MW] SOC, left axis [MWh] Spot market, right axis [ /MWh] Turbine, left axis [MW] time [h] Optimal storage plant operation based on multifunctional application comprising: Storage of surplus wind power Spot market trading Provision of tertiary reserve power Slide 12 GAFOE, March 212

12 A-CAES operation Compressor, left axis [MW] Wind farm, right axis [MW] Supply neg. res. [MW] Supply pos. res. [MW] Provision neg. res. [MW] Provision pos. res. [MW] SOC, left axis [MWh] Spot market, right axis [ /MWh] Turbine, left axis [MW] time [h] Optimal storage plant operation based on multifunctional application comprising: Storage of surplus wind power Spot market trading Provision of tertiary reserve power Slide 13 GAFOE, March 212

13 Overview on characteristic operational values Multifunction Dual Singular application application application share of operating hours WPS/SM/RM WPS/SM WPS Full load hours total Avg. stand-by period between charging Number of charging start-ups per year (WPS/SM/RM) 342 h 8.9 h 732 (WPS/SM) 3421 h 11.1 h 597 (WPS) 286 h 23. h compressor power [MW] WPS: Wind Power Storage SM: Spot Market RM: Reserve Market Slide 14 GAFOE, March 212

14 Income streams for different application modes 14 WPS SM RM annual revenue [1³ ] General observations*: RM participation decreases SM income Neither RM nor SM participation diminish WPS income 2 Rel. annual revenue: WPS/SM/RM WPS/SM WPS 1% 54% 1% *See also: Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage co-located with wind energy multifunctional storage commitment optimization for the German market using GOMES, Int. Journal of Energy Systems, Springer, 211, DOI: 1.17/s WPS: Wind Power Storage SM: Spot Market RM: Reserve Market Slide 15 GAFOE, March 212

15 Conclusion

16 Conclusion Energy storage powerful means for intermittent RES integration Multifunctional storage application most profitable Multifunctional storage application leads to high part load shares and causes more frequent plant start-ups does not diminish absorption of surplus wind energy Which storage technology fits best? How much storage do we need in the future? Slide 17 GAFOE, March 212

17 contact: Dr.-Ing. Daniel Wolf daniel.wolf(_at_)umsicht.fraunhofer.de