Recent Trends in PV Systems

Transcription

1 EU Jordan Energy Networking Event in Energy within JERA-Center National Center for Research and Development NCRD Amman, Feb Recent Trends in PV Systems Dipl.-Ing. Dieter Geyer Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) (Centre for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden-Wuerttemberg) D. Geyer

2 Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff- Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) 1988: ZSW was established as a non-profit foundation under the civil code. 2012: About 220 employees work at 3 locations in the State of Baden-Württemberg (Turnover 2011: 40 m. EUR) Goal of the foundation: Industry-oriented research and technology transfer in the field of renewable energies D. Geyer

3 ZSW Locations Stuttgart: Photovoltaics (with Solab), Energy Policy and Energy Carriers Solar Test Fields: Widderstall (D) and Girona (ES) Ulm: Electrochemical Energy Technologies Division with ZSW Laboratory for Battery Technologies (elab) D. Geyer

4 Department Photovoltaics: Modules Systems Applications (MSA) D. Geyer 1. Photovoltaics test laboratory Solab Quality, performance and reliability Standardised and customer-specific tests 2. Outdoor test facilities Performance and yield measurements Acquisition of electr. and meteorolog. data 3. Testing methods Accelerated ageing tests New testing methods 4. Grid integration of PV plants Grids and PV storage systems 5. Consulting Manufacturers, investors, banks, project developers and carriers

5 Contents Actual state of PV Experience from Europe Means to reduce the noon peak PV systems with storage Problems in the field Recent trends in PV systems Need for long term outdoor characterization in all applying countries D. Geyer

6 Development of PV Global relative Distribution of PV as of End 2012 Rest of Asia 2% China 8% Japan 7% North America 9% Rest of World 6% total GWp Germany 32% Rest of Europe 9% Spain 4% France 4% Czech Republic 2% Italy 17% Source: ZSW D. Geyer

7 Development of PV cumulative Power [MWp] Rest of World Rest of Asia China Japan North America Rest of Europe Spain France Czech Republic Italy Germany D. Geyer

8 Experience from Europe Energy mix in Germany as of End 2012 Lignite 26% PV 4,6% Nuclear 16% Stone Coal 19% total 617 TWh Natural Gaz 11% Renewables 22% Other 6% Hydro 3,3% Biomass 6,6% Wind 7,3% D. Geyer

9 Experience from Europe RE Feed-In in Germany from to Power [MW] PV Wind onshore Wind offshore Residual load Hydro Biomass Load Hour of Year D. Geyer

10 Experience from Europe RE Feed-In in Germany from 4.4. to Power [MW] PV Wind onshore Wind offshore Residual load Hydro Biomass Load Hour of Year D. Geyer

11 Experience from Europe Evident need for a proper handling of the RE power peaks by suppliers of residual energy D. Geyer

12 Experience from Europe Evident need for a proper handling of the RE power peaks by suppliers of residual energy. Possible solutions: Steeper ramps of conventional base load power plants Cutting off the peak D. Geyer

13 Reduction of the noon peak Hard limitation by law to actual 70% of Pnom 120% 100% Power rel. to South, 30 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00 time of day (30. June, Amman) Source: ZSW D. Geyer

14 Reduction of the noon peak Use of a smaller inverter 120% 100% Power rel. to South, 30 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00 time of day (30. June, Amman) Source: ZSW D. Geyer

15 Reduction of the noon peak Different orientation (East + West instead of South) Power rel. to South, % 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% South, 30 East, 30 West, 30 East, 30 + West, 30 0% 0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00 time of day (30. June, Amman) Both alternatives with equal total PV power. Source: ZSW D. Geyer

16 Reduction of the noon peak Different orientation (East + West instead of South) 120% 100% South, 30 East, 30 + West, 30 Power rel. to South, 30 80% 60% 40% 20% East, 45 + West, 45 East, 60 + West, 60 0% 0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00 time of day (30. June, Amman) All alternatives with equal total PV power. Source: ZSW D. Geyer

17 Reduction of the noon peak Different orientation (East + West instead of South) Orientation Tilt angle Energy yield South % East + West 30 85% East + West 45 78% East + West 60 70% Comparison of annual energy harvest (Amman) Source: ZSW D. Geyer

18 Reduction of the noon peak Use of a PV storage system - schematic Source: SMA D. Geyer

19 Reduction of the noon peak Use of a PV storage system - real Power [W] resp. Stored Energy [Wh] PV [W] Appliances [W] Grid Feed-in [W] SOC [Wh] Charging without delay noon-peak still exists Time of Day Source: ZSW D. Geyer

20 Reduction of the noon peak Use of a PV storage system - real PV [W] Power [W] resp. Stored Energy [Wh] Appliances [W] Grid Feed-in [W] SOC [Wh] Charging without delay noon-peak still exists 0 Power [W] resp. Stored Energy [Wh] Time of Day PV [W] Appliances [W] Grid Feed-in [W] SOC [Wh] Time of Day Source: ZSW Charging with delay noonpeak cut D. Geyer

21 Feed-in without self consumption over one year (15-min values) D. Geyer

22 Feed-in with self consumption and delayed batterie charging over one year (15-min values) D. Geyer

23 Feed-in with self consumption, delayed batterie charging and a thermal buffer over one year (15-min values) D. Geyer

24 Problems in the Field based on ZSW consultancy experience Microcracks due to bad packaging D. Geyer

25 Problems in the Field based on ZSW consultancy experience Microcracks due to bad packaging Source: ZSW D. Geyer

26 Problems in the Field based on ZSW consultancy experience Snail tracks Source: ZSW D. Geyer

27 Problems in the Field based on ZSW consultancy experience Relative Power 1,1 1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0, C/85%RH Test with -1000V Bias HV-DH Exposure Time [hours] Si-TF 1 Si-TF 2a Si-TF 2b Si-TF 3 Si-TF 4 Si-TF 5 Si-TF 6 Si-TF 7 Si-TF 8 CIGS 2 CIGS 3 CIGS 4 CIGS 5a CIGS 5b CdTe 1 CdTe 2 c-si 1 c-si 2a c-si 2b c-si 3 c-si 4 c-si 5 c-si 7a c-si 7b c-si 7c Wide variation from very stable to highly PID susceptible Reproducibility of PID failure is quite o.k. Potential Induced Degradation Source: ZSW Solab D. Geyer

28 Problems in the Field based on ZSW consultancy experience Module failure due to bad soldering Source: ZSW D. Geyer

29 Problems in the Field based on ZSW consultancy experience Visible defects due to cleaning D. Geyer

30 Problems in the Field based on ZSW consultancy experience Long term efficiency normalized efficiency 1,1 1,05 1 0,95 0, ,5%/yr. -1%/yr. operation time [years] Decreasing power in long-term operation? Source: ZSW Solab D. Geyer

31 Problems in the Field based on ZSW consultancy experience Microcracks Potential Induced Degradation Snail tracks Module failure due to bad soldering Defects due to cleaning Decreasing power in long-term operation D. Geyer

32 Recent trends in PV systems Extreme cost pressure in PV systems Module Bill of Materials is optimized economically Reduced cell thickness leads to microcracks New materials and material combinations new risks Trend to higher voltages to save Balance of System cost During cleaning, if any, switch-off PV system highly recommended Only higher-efficient thin-film technologies will be part of the high cost pressure market D. Geyer

33 Need for long term outdoor characterization in all applying countries Nowadays 50% of the global PV Power is located in Germany and Italy Many of the above mentioned effects cannot be seen in actual standard lab tests but only in outdoor operation Climate in Central-Europe is not representative worldwide The higher the precision of measurements the earlier a trend can be detected Proposal of a network of high-precision test fields D. Geyer

34 Thank you for your attention! ZSW Solar Test Field Widderstall Dipl-Ing. Dieter Geyer ZSW Industriestr Stuttgart Germany T: E: dieter.geyer@zsw-bw.de W: D. Geyer