NPRE-470 Fuel Cells Applications (II)

Transcription

1 NPRE-470 Fuel Cells Applications (II) Stationary Applications Xuping Li Nuclear, Plasma and Radiology Department University of Illinois

2 FC stationary applications Scalable without significant efficiency loss Can be provided at various scales and customized to individual requirements Residential: 0.7 kw 5 kw - 25 kw Commercial: 100 kw kw typical Utility scale: > MW, (up to 60 MW systems have been contracted) 2

3 Residential applications Source: Honda R&D Co., Ltd. 700 W, source: JX Nippon Oil & Energy 3

4 Commercial building applications 400 kw, by ClearEdge (former UTC Power), source: Whole foods store 4

5 Utility scale applications 10.4 MW plant, Yeosu, S.Korea 11.2 MW plant, Daegu City, S. Korea 60 MW plant in development, Hwaseong, S. Korea proposed 15 MW FC park, Bridgeport, CT (Source: FuelCell Energy, Inc.) 5

6 Residential system example A 700 W cogeneration system, source: Tokyo Gas and Panasonic 6

7 System schematics 7

8 System specification Power output 250 W- 700W Power generation efficiency Exhaust heat recovery efficiency Operation method (At output 100%) 39% (LHV) (At output 100%) 56% (LHV) 24 hr continuous operation (elec load-following, remotely monitored) Temperature operating range At least -5 ~ 40 Model Ene-Farm' home fuel cell 2013 Fuel Fuel cell format Start-up time Size and Mass Operating life City gas PEM 20 min 130 min FC: 1.75 m 0. 4 m 0.4 m, 99 kg, 54 kg, 44 kg 60,000 h Cost About $20,000 8

9 Residential systems Heating demand plays an important role Production volume v.s. size of individual systems Significant subsidy for 1 kw and below system per unit in Japan This type of subsidy is hard to justify in the US (also has incentive credits, but with a different structure) US companies are targeting systems > 5 kw due to economies of scale 9

10 Commercial building system example A 200 kw system manufactured by Bloom Energy 10

11 System specification Bloom Energy Power output ES-5700 Energy Server Nameplate output (net AC) 210kW Power generation efficiency > 50% Operation method Temperature operating range Fuel Fuel cell format Size and mass Noise level No co-gen -20 to 45 C (extreme weather kit optional) Natural Gas, Directed Biogas Solid oxide 26' 5" x 8' 7" x 6' 9", 19.4 tons < 70 DB 6 feet Emissions NOx < 0.01 lb/mwh, SOx negligible, CO< 0.10 lb/mwh, VOCs < 0.02 lb/mwh, 773 lb/mwh 11

12 The building block of utility scale systems A 2.8 MW system that can be modified to meet various power requirements, manufactured by FuelCell Energy, Inc. 12

13 System specification Fuel cell Energy, Inc. Power output Power generation efficiency Heat recovery Operation method Fuel Fuel cell format Emissions Size and mass Noise level FuelCell Energy's DFC3000 2,800 kw, 13,800 V, 60 Hz/ 50 Hz 47 +/- 2 % (LHV) (250 F) 4,433,000 Btu/h, (120 F) 7,460,000 Btu/h (2 186 MW, 37%) baseload Natural gas Molten Carbonate NOx 0.01 lb/mwh, SOx lb/mwh, PM lb/mwh 77 x 43 x12, >244,000 lb 72 db(a) at 10 ft 13

14 Heat utilization Heat utilization is the key for higher efficiency, and economic competitiveness Direct use, absorption chiller, and combined cycles 14

15 Direct heat use benefits Higher efficiency Cost saving on buying heat Available technologies 15

16 Direct heat use challenges Electricity and heat demand don t necessarily occur at the most favorable ratio Cost in terms of money, space, and installation Lack of incentive for heat recovery for commercial and industry customers 16

17 Heat recovery incentives or policies Value/cost of heat can be very different to different customers (Source: FuelCell Energy, Inc.) (Source: JX Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation) 17

18 Favorable sites for co-/tri-generation Where relative NG to electricity price is low Buildings and facilities that have high heat demand such as Homes and Hotels with heated pools Waste treatment plants Food processing industry that has organic waste and high heat demand, etc. Absorption refrigerator (or chiller) can be add for higher efficiency 18

19 Combined cycles High electrical efficiency, no heat demand require. 19

20 Combined cycles A triple combined cycle design (Source: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries) 20

21 Combined cycles (Source: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries) 21

22 Combined cycles E.g., energy balance in a triple combined-cycle system (Source: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries) 22

23 Combined cycles Transition of power generation efficiency (Source: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries) 23

24 Fuel cell advantages Scalable at nearly all sizes with high efficiency Low environmental impact (less emissions and resource depletion) Easy siting and quiet operation Reducing the need to invest in costly and controversial power transmission and distribution networks Nearly carbon neutral if fed with bio-gas or renewable H2 24

25 Challenges Cost needs to be further reduced to compete with combustion technology, marketing strategies Susceptible to the relative price of NG and electricity Low cost and innovative heat utilization methods Fuel cell companies with manufacturing capability of tens of MW systems are very limited Better policies to accelerate FC adoption to decrease environmental impact and boost clean energy economy (new well paid jobs) 25

26 Fuel cell and renewable energy Bio-gas from various biomass resources can be used directly as fuel Hydrogen and fuel cell has the potential to address the variability issue of wind and solar e.g., currently curtailed wind power can be stored as hydrogen and used later Variable renewables balancing resources 26

27 Fuel cell and renewable energy 27

28 Fuel cell and renewable energy 28

29 Optional homework You can gain up to 50% of the credits of a regular homework, but there is no penalty for not doing this homework Due in three weeks See the class website for full home work description 29

30 Optional homework Evaluate the economics of the 400 MW SOFC triple combined cycle power plant introduced Assume the university has two options: buying electricity from the grid or install the SOFC triple combined cycle power plant Compare the life cycle cost of the power plant and the electricity bills of same period Real world calculation is more complicated, but you can learn the basics through this 30

31 Economic Figures of Merit: Lifecycle Cost LCC = CC + S C n /(1+i) n - S/(1+i) N n=1 LCC= Lifecycle cost CC = capital investment ($) C n = operating and maintenance (O&M) cost and/or revenue in year n $/yr S = salvage value of the investment at the end of the investment period $ N = period of analysis (years) i = real discount rate 31

32 Discount rate and Present value analysis Discount rate i : the time rate of change in the value of money. It allows to compare present and future costs on the same time basis. The present value PV of a quantity of money C spent in some future year n is given by: PV(C) = C/(1+i) n 32