Towards improving the monitoring of air quality: introduction into available tools and approaches

Transcription

1 WORKSHOP ON TRANSPORT-RELATED HEALTH IMPACTS AND THEIR COSTS AND BENEFITS Telc, Czech Republic June 2007, Towards improving the monitoring of air quality: introduction into available tools and approaches M. Krzyzanowski WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, Bonn Office WHO Regional Office for Europe PRESENTED BY Gerard Hoek, IRAS, Utrecht University

2 This presentation: 1. Updated WHO Air Quality Guidelines 2. Data on AQ (PM10) in European Region of WHO 3. Framework Plan for development of PM monitoring in EECCA

3 WHO AQG - Global update The process Basis: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe, 2nd edition, WHO 2000 Oct Nov 2004: Steering Group established Jan - Sept 2005: review of the evidence (ca 80 experts involved) October 2005: WG meeting, Bonn (report published Feb 2006) Dec 2005 June 2006: finalization of background materials (drafts 2-4) 5 October 2006 WHO press release on AQG WHO editing / printing published in April all WHO official languages

4 Passing interim targets on the way towards AQG Effect AQG IT-2 IT-1 Exposure

5 WHO AQG - Global update Particulate matter: annual mean Annual mean level Interim target-1 (IT-1) Interim target-2 (IT-2) Interim target-3 (IT-3) Air quality guideline (AQG) PM 10 (µg/m 3 ) PM 2.5 (µg/m 3 ) Basis for the selected level Levels associated with about 15% higher long-term mortality than at AQG Risk of premature mortality decreased by approximately 6% compared to IT Mortality risk reduced by approximately 6% compared to IT2 levels Lowest levels at which total, CP and LCA mortality have been shown to increase (Pope et al., 2002). The use of PM 2.5 guideline is preferred. AQG 2000: no guideline value

6 WHO AQG - Global update Particulate matter: 24-h h mean 24-hour mean level *) PM 10 (µg/m 3 ) PM 2.5 (µg/m 3 ) Basis for the selected level Interim target-1 (IT-1) Interim target-2 (IT-2) Interim target-3 (IT-3) About 5% increase of short-term mortality over AQG About 2.5% increase of shortterm mortality over AQG About 1.2% increase in shortterm mortality over AQG Air quality guidelines (AQG) *) 99th percentile (3 days / year) Based on relation between 24- hour and annual PM levels AQG 2000: no guideline value

7 WHO AQG: Global update: Summary of updated AQG values AQG levels recommended to be achieved everywhere in order to significantly reduce the adverse health effects of pollution Pollutant Averaging time AQG value Particulate matter PM year 24 hour (99 th percentile) 10 µg/m 3 25 µg/m 3 PM 10 1 year 24 hour (99 th percentile) 20 µg/m 3 50 µg/m 3 Ozone, O 3 8 hour, daily maximum*) 100 µg/m 3 Nitrogen dioxide, NO 2 1 year 1 hour 40 µg/m µg/m 3 Sulfur dioxide, SO 2 24 hour **) 10 minute 20 µg/m µg/m 3 *) AQG 2000: 120 µg/m3 **) AQG 2000: 125 µg/m3

8 Percentage of children living in cities with various PM10 levels, 2004 (or last available year) Bulgaria Serbia and Montenegro (Serbia) Romania Slovenia Greece Italy Czech Republic Belgium Slovakia Poland Spain Portugal Austria Hungary Switzerland Netherlands Iceland Lithuania Germany United Kingdom France Denmark Finland Sweden Ireland Norway Estonia Latvia PM 10 level (µg/m 3 ) < % 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Note: In several countries the assessment is based on one city only.

9 Children s health and the environment in Europe: Environmental data used for exposure assessment Exposure to air pollution PM10 level > AQG for 90% children in WHO/Euro No improvement in urban AQ in the current decade No data on AQ for 43% of population in the Region EUROSTAT structural indicator

10 Annual mean concentrations of air pollutants monitored in cithes of Georgia, 2006 CITY Annual mean concentration µg/m 3 Dust SO 2 CO NO 2 NO MnO 2 H 2 S Tbilisi _ Batumi _ Kutaisi Zesrafoni _ _ Akhalcikhe Rustavi Source : Division of Air Protection, Ministry of Environment of Georgia, 2006

11 Concentration of dust (=TSP) and NO2 in cities of Russian Federation, % 90% 80% 70% Cumulated distribution of population exposure to suspended particulate matter in Russian Federation, mean Mean = 244 µg/m3 No. of cities 2002/3/4 = 57 / 98 / 92 Population (million) = 30 / 45 / 40 60% 50% 40% mea n min max 30% 20% 10% 0% pollutant conce ntration (m illigram /m 3) 100% 90% 80% 70% Cumulated distribution of population exposure to NO2 in Russian Federation, mean Mean = 79 µg/m3 No. of cities 2002/3/4 = 70/ 111 / 105 Population (million) = 34 / 47 / 45 60% 50% 40% me an min ma x 30% 20% 10% 0% pollutant conce ntration (m illigram /m 3) Source: Federal Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Moscow

12 Emission of pollutants from mobile sources, Georgia, YEARS Tonnes x 1000 TOTAL NOX VOC s CO SO2 SOOT CO Source : Division of Air Protection, Ministry of Environment of Georgia, 2006

13 Projected PM emissions in Europe, No effective policies leading to PM reduction in Non-EU kilotons/year EU15 EU10 Non-EU CLE 2020 MTFR CLE 2020 MTFR CLE 2020 MTFR 2020 PM2.5 PM coarse CLE: current legislation; MTFR: Maximum technically feasible reductions Source: IIASA

14 Why PM data needed? To inform the public and policy makers about the magnitude of health risk of air pollution in a local population; To stimulate various stakeholders to initiate pollution reduction; To plan actions reducing air pollution; To evaluate effectiveness of the actions.

15 Framework Plan for development of monitoring of PM in EECCA English: Russian:

16 WHO Framework Plan for development of PM monitoring in EECCA A general strategy and technical action plan, WHO/Euro 2006): Summarizes principles of PM10 and PM2.5 monitoring; Presents practical guidelines on essential steps to be taken in a country initiating PM monitoring; Provides timetable and organizational framework for program implementation; Considers the cost-effectiveness of the system and its operation in countries with limited financial resources and limited expertise.

17 Framework for establishing PM monitoring in EECCA Framework Plan National Plan Pilot Project National monitoring system

18 WHO Framework Plan for development of PM monitoring in EECCA: Pilot project in Tirana, ALB June 06: Assessment of local needs / capacities / programs September 06: Workshop will all stakeholders to agree on the local actions May 07: Initiation of PM monitoring Sept 07: (Planned) assessment Additional activity: preparations for NO2 mapping (passive monitoring of NO2; survey of traffic intensity)

19 Conclusions WHO AQG provide challenging targets for air pollution control Available AQ data from EECCA indicate urgent need to reduce air pollution Reduction of health risks: focus on primary PM, PM precursors and NOx Policy development must address the health impacts of air pollution Air pollution monitoring (PM10 & PM 2.5!!) Identification of sources / emissions AQ improvement plans: from interim targets AQG