HLW. Vol.9 No.2. Fig. 1 The Two Main Features of Risk Governance. (HLW) [1] HLW. Fig.1 HLW 100% HLW HLW. Keywords:

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1 Vol.9 No.2 HLW HLW HLW Keywords: Synopsis: This report attempts to obtain lessons in implementation of HLW management policies for Japan by reviewing past experiences and present status of policy formulation and implementation as well as reflection of public opinions and consensus building of selected European countries, such as Finland, Sweden and others. After examining the situations of those countries, the author derives four key aspects that need to be addressed; separation of nuclear energy policies and HLW policies, fundamental support shared among national public, sense of controllability, and proper scheme of responsibility sharing. Keywords: High Level Radioactive Waste (HLW), Geological Disposal, Policy Decision, Consensus Building, Public Opinion Fig. 1 The Two Main Features of Risk Governance. (HLW) [1] HLW Fig.1 HLW Processes for Consensus Building and Role Sharing Lessons Learned from HLW Policies in European Countries- by Koji Nagano (nagano@ criepi.denken.or.jp) 18 () Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Socioecnomoic Research Center %

2 March 2003 HLW DiP) HLW HLW DiP DiP HLW Olkiluoto [2] Olkiluoto. EIA 4 (1) Eurajoki HLW Olkiluoto 2000 Olkiluoto TVO (Teollisuuden Voima Oy) VVER Loviisa HLW Loviisa IVO(Imatran Voima Oy Fortum Power and HeatFORTUM ) TVO Eurajoki, Loviisa, Kuhmo, Äänekoski. (2) (DiP) Olkiluoto POSIVA (3) Table 1 The Voting Results at Eurajoki Municipal Council, January POSIVA 4 POSIVA[3 ] Eurajoki Olkiluoto (Decision in Principle, 144

3 Vol.9 No.2 HLW Olkiluoto POSIVA Eurajoki Table 1 Table 1 1 Eurajoki 1) POSIVA POSIVA Suomen Gallup Fig. 2 Public Opinions in Eurajoki Municipality, Dec Jan (Source: POSIVA[3], p.166) 4 (Eurajoki, Loviisa, Kuhmo, Äänekoski) 10% Eurajoki Eurajoki Loviisa 2 Eurajoki Fig.2 Kuhmo, Äänekoski 30% 60% Eurajoki, Loviisa 60 30% 4 Eurajoki (Olkiluoto ) Eurajoki 59% 32% 71% 23% 46% 40% POSIVA Kuhmo, Äänekoski Loviisa Olkiluoto Loviisa Table1 ( polarized ) Olkiluoto 25 74% 25% 2%65 45%34% % ) 1) STUK 2) POSIVA[3] "In 1 2 the event that the investigations and safety assessment by the authorities indicated your own residential community to be safe as a final disposal site for nuclear wastes, would you accept the placement of nuclear wastes produced in Finland within the 3) Eurajoki Eurajoki confines of your home municipality?"

4 March 2003 (Confidence Building) (4) [2,4] HLW (1) HLW SKB 4) Oskarshamn, Östhammar, Tierp Tierp Östhammar Oskarshamn Oskarshamn Oskarshamn (2) Oskarshamn Oskarshamn SKB HLW HLW HLW Eurajoki HLW HLW 4) 4 146

5 Vol.9 No.2 HLW 5 2 SKB SKB SKI 6) SSI 7) Oskarshamn 4 (Encapsulation) HLW 8 SKB SKB KBS-3 8) HLW 12 HLW KASAM 9) Table 2 Oskarshamn Oskarshamn 23,000 12) 10) LKO Table 2 LKO Local Competence Building SKB 1/ % HLW Oskarshamn LKO[5] 30-40% SKB ) Oskarshamn Oskarshamn 5) 13) Oskarshamn Kalmar (Lieutenant Governor) 11) 6) 12) LKO ) 8) STUK 13) ) 10) 147

6 March (53%) 741 (76%) 682 (70%) Table 2 Public Opinions in Oskarshamn Municipality. (Source: LKO[5]) (29%) 180 (18%) 200 (21%) (42%) (33%) 149 (15%) 46 (5%) 82 (8%) 234 (24%) 55 (49%) 94 (83%) 83 (74%) 36 (32%) 31 (27%) 6 (5%) 11 (10%) 34 (30%) 27 (24%) 13 (12%) 18 (16%) 73 (38%) 80% 15% 5% 79% 15% 6% 13 Table 2 LKO Oskarshamn [2] Table 2 Oskarshamn 4 COVRA (3) Borssele Oskarshamn HLW 100 HLW Oskarshamn [6] [7] Oskarshamn EKRA[8]

7 Vol.9 No.2 HLW HLW HLW HLW HLW (DEFRA) DEFRA[9] HLW Beckett NIREX[10] [11] 2003 HLW NUMO HLW 4 (Liability Management Authority, LMA 14) ) HLW HLW HLW HLW [12] 4 HLW 14) LMA Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA) 149

8 March 2003 Table 3 Role Sharing Patterns in Major Countries. (Source: Nagano[7]) HLW HLW [1] : 14 [2] : No.48, pp.1-17() () (2002) (2002) [3] POSIVA Oy :The Final Disposal Facility for Spent Nuclear Fuel -Environmental Impact Assessment Report, (1999). Table 3 HLW [4] : HLW eye 48, (2002) [5] LKO Project: Platsundersökning I Oskarshamn Kommunfullmäktiges beslut , Table 3 Oskarshamn Municipality (in Swedish). : Site Investifation in the Municipality of Oskarshamn The Municipality Decision on Site 150

9 Vol.9 No.2 HLW Investifation 11 March 2002, 29. [6] :. eye 48, (2002) [7] :. No.Y02001 () (2002). [8] EKRA (Expertgruppe Entsorgungskonzepte für radioactive Abfälle): Disposal Concepts for Radioactive Waste. Final Report, (2000). [9] DEFRA (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs) et al.: Managing Radioactive Waste Safely -Proposals for developing a policy for managing solid radioactive waste in the UK-, available at: radwaste.pdf (2001). [10] NIREX: Nirex Response to the DEFRA Consultation Paper Managing Radioactive Waste Safely. available at: na20312.pdf (2002). [11] The Royal Society: Developing UK policy for the management of radioactive waste. Policy Document 12/02, (2002), available at: statfiles/document-173.pdf [12] :. :, (2002) 151

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