Water Quality Management Nutrient Research and Biomass Production

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1 Water Quality Management Nutrient Research and Biomass Production Dr. Eric Bibeau Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Dept Manitoba Hydro/NSERC Chair in Alternative Energy Conference event by Frontier Centre & Manitoba Sustainable Energy Association Winnipeg, Feb 13, 2006

2 Topics What is Biopower Importance to renewable energy portfolio and GHG reduction Biopower Environmental issues Sustainability Biopower and nutrient removal Netley-Libau Marsh R&D Project: possible means to address nutrient loading in Lake Winnipeg

3 Using Wetlands & Biopower to Partially Address Nutrient Loading in Lake Winnipeg Can removal nutrient loading by Accessing wetlands Ecological sensitive area Harvest cattails and bulrushes Biomass feedstocks contains P and N Thermally convert = Power and Heat Fate of P and N Overall emissions

4 What is BioPower (Thermal Conversion) BIOMASS = SOLAR CELL Biomass: natures way to store solar energy Renewable solar battery with a shelf life Biomass cycle sunlight Decomposition 6 CO H 2 0 = C 6 H 12 O O 2 => CO 2 + others Components Cellulose, hemi-cellulose, lignin Biomass Feedstocks Crop residues, Forest residues, Energy crops, Animal waste, Municipal waste, Wetlands

5 Green House Gases Natural processes 770 BMT/yr GHG Human activity adds 30 BMT/yr? Earth dynamic system Add new ball every 2 years Time Bioenergy? CO 2 levels in atmosphere 1850: 250 ppm Now: ppm

6 Biomass Emissions Direct energy use of biomass can lead to less emissions can it reduce GHG from natural processes SO 2 no influence of technology CH 4 is 21 times worst of a GHG than CO 2 CO 2 no change except for composting Natural way has more NOx

7 Nuclear Renewable Energy Sources Solar Fission Geothermal Hydro Wind Ocean δt Biomass Steam PV Collectors Mech/Turbo Generator Processing Electricity (highest form) Gas & Liquid Fuels Heat (lowest form)

8 Energy Costs Can we use biomass for energy use? US$ / barrel NYMEX Crude Pricing Contract /2/97 1/2/98 1/2/99 1/2/00 1/2/01 1/2/02 1/2/03 1/2/04 1/2/05 Why are we not changing to biomass?

9 GHG Displacement Distributed Biopower: 1 50% MC Displacing oil for heat GHG EMISSION (kgco2/bdtonne) Large Steam Power EMISSION REDUCTIONS for CHP SYSTEMS Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4 Small Steam Power Brayton Cycle Power Bio-oil Conver. Power Manitoba Alberta Gasif. Conver. Power Small Steam CHP Turboden Cycle CHP Entropic Cycle CHP

10 GHG Displacement BioEnergy in a Northern Manitoba Community Subsidized Power System Power: Diesel Fuel ~233 liters/ MWe-hr ~2.83 Kg CO2/ liter Heat: Oil ~93 liters/ MWth-hr ~2.83 Kg CO2/ liter Manitoba Northern Community District Heating System BioPower System Power ~1 MWe-hr ~No GHG Heat ~5 MWth-hr ~No GHG 2 MWe Community Subsidized Power System BioPower System Power (2 MWe) tonne CO 2 0 tonne CO 2 Heat (10 MWth) tonne CO 2 0 tonne CO 2 Total 34,608 tonne CO 2 0 tonne CO 2 EHC CHP Gasifier Biomass (local or pellets) 2 BD tonne/mwe-hr

11 Is biomass cost effective? Community Requirements Power 1 MWe Heat 4 MWth System Wind with storage Kinetic turbine Biomass Need Components System Size Power Wind turbine 3.3 MWe Heat Oil furnace 4.7 MWth Power Water turbine 1.3 MWe Heat Oil furnace 4.7 MWth Power 1.0 MWe Biomass CHP Heat 0.0 MWth

12 Energy components Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Emission components Biomass Analysis Solar Cell Component Ash (fly ash, particulate emissions) Residual char (lower conversion efficiencies) Sulfur (SOx) Nitrogen (Fuel NOx) Operational problem components Alkali (potassium, sodium: stick ash, corrosion, fouling) Water (reduces temperature) Tars (sticky, plugs filters and engines) Nutrients Phosphor and Nitrogen Waste Wood Dry Wet Carbon 49.91% 24.96% Hydrogen 5.93% 2.97% Nitrogen 0.34% 0.17% Sulfur 0.04% 0.02% Chlorine 0.01% 0.01% Oxygen 42.35% 21.18% Ash 1.42% 0.71% Moisture (H2O), (AR) Biosolids 50.00% Dry Wet Carbon 32.60% 19.56% Hydrogen 4.71% 2.83% Nitrogen 5.13% 3.08% Sulfur 1.60% 0.96% Chlorine 0.12% 0.07% Oxygen 16.34% 9.80% Ash 39.62% 23.77% Moisture (H2O), (AR) 40.00% What Fuel?

13 No Air Excess Air

14 Large Scale Biomass Electrical Power Plant (55 kwe)

15 Bioenergy Thermal Conversion in Manitoba

16 Collaboration Bioenergy Projects MRAC, SDIF, IISD, Ducks, MESH Biopower and nutrient removal Vidir (Developing R&D project) Investigating biopower CHP system with district heating system: hospital, EMO, Industrial users Modern Organics (preliminary) Green energy industrial park in Manitoba W2E (Manitoba Hydro) Gasification model

17 UofM: BioEnergy and Nutrient Removal Vegetation maps Netley- Libau Marsh 2001 From: Evaluation of a wetland-biopower concept for nutrient removal and value recovery from the Netley-Libeau marsh at Lake Winnipeg, N. Cicek, S. Lambert, H.D. Venema, K.R. Snelgrove, and E.L. Bibeau Vegetation Class 2001 Area Covered Hectares (ha) % of Total Marsh Area Bulrush (Scirpus) River Rushes Cattail (Typha) Giant Reed (Phragmites)

18 UofM: BioEnergy and Nutrient Removal Netley 1979 Area Harvest Moisture Biomass HHV Plant Available (Wet tonne) (Dry tonne) kj/kg Species (ha) min max (%) min max Dry Cattail , , ,070 98,043 18,229 Bulrush ,215 32, ,629 26,653 17,447 Reed Grass 650 1,112 1, ,020 17,285 Rushes, Sedges , ,819 15,838 Sum 9,806 13, ,659 11, ,535 Weighted average ,024

19 Parameters Nutrient Removal Netley-Libau Results Cattail Bulrush River Rushes Giant Reeds Moisture, % as fed TN, % dry matter TP, % dry matter Heating Value, KJ/kg 18,229 17,417 17,285 NA 2001 Vegetation Total N Total P Class Removed (ton) Removed (ton) Bulrush River Rushes Cattail Giant Reed Total Average From: Evaluation of a wetland-biopower concept for nutrient removal and value recovery from the Netley-Libeau marsh at Lake Winnipeg N. Cicek, S. Lambert, H.D. Venema, K.R. Snelgrove, and E.L. Bibeau

20 Nutrient Removal Nutrient from Red River to Lake Winnipeg 32,765 ton/yr of N 4,905 ton/yr of P Early estimates of N and P removal by harvesting marsh 3.1% - 4.2% of N 3.8% - 4.7% of P

21 BioEnergy R&D (concurrent with nutrient cycle R&D) Develop harvest methods Determine best time for harvest versus practical time Fate of N and P during thermal conversion Biomass feedstock costs Optimal use of feedstock for bioenergy for cost recovery

22 BioPower CHP Systems 10 9 Superheater Economizer 3 Boiler 2% blowdown Feed Pump Thermal Oil Heat Transfer 8 4 Attemporator TURBODEN srl synthetic oil ORC Conversion Deaerator 1000 C Input 310 C Heater 59.9% recovery 300 C 250 C Steam 17% 60 C 80 C 5 ORC Air heat dump Turbine 6 Liquid Coolant 7 Co-generation process 1 Condensate return and makeup 1000 C Input 215 C Heater 68.2% recovery 400 C Entropic Fluid Heat Transfer 108 kpa 185 C combustion air 101 kpa 15.6 C 315 C 170 C 367 kpa 258 C 377 kpa 127 C ENTROPIC power cycle Conversion Compressor 17.6% 60 C 90 C Air Heater Recuperator 111 kpa 315 C 336 kpa 483 C 58.3% cycle energy 56.7% recovery Brayton Air heat dump Turbine / Expander 650 C Liquid Coolant 13.1% cycle eff. 7.4% overall eff. Entropic

23 Distributed Biopower Production (20% MC) CONVERSION EFFICIENCY Small-scale Steam 10% EL 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% HEAT Organic Rankine Cycle Entropic Cycle ELEC ELECT HEAT HEAT Air Turbine EL HEAT Size Range (kwe) ,000 5,000 10,000 Small-scale Steam Organic Rankine Cycle Entropic Cycle Air Turbine Cost Range ($/kwe) SIZE COST SIZE COST SIZE COST SIZE COST $1,000 $3,000 $5,000 $7,000 $9,000

24 Distributed BioPower CHP Conversion Chart (per 1 bone dry tonne of 20% MC) Small Steam Air Brayton Organic Rankine Entropic Large Steam Switchgrass at 20% MC Power delivered 6.0% 8.4% 11.1% 13.1% 28.0% Heat delivered 59.0% 41.0% 56.0% 63.0% - Overall CHP delivered 65.0% 49.4% 67.1% 76.1% 28.0% Electricity (kwhr/bdt) ,556 Heat (kwhr/bdt) 1 3,278 2,278 3,111 3,500 - Electricity (GJ/BDT) Heat (GJ/BDT) Electricity (gallon oil/bdt) Heat (gallon oil/bdt)

25 Distributed BioPower Power produced from estimated marsh harvest Small Condensing Steam Small steam with cogeneration Organic Rankine Cycle Air Brayton cycle Entropic cycle Gasification 1 Heat recovery loss (MW) Cycle loss (MW) Power generated (MWe) Cogeneration heat (MWth) 1 1 Assumes Producer gas has heat value of 5.5 MJ/m 3 and cooled down to room temperature

26 Distributed BioPower CHP Revenue Chart (Manitoba) Electical Power (Cnd) Natural Gas (Cnd) Revenue (per BDTon) $0.06 per kwhr $11.65 per GJ Power (90% use) Heat (60% use) Total Small Steam $18 $82 $100 Air Brayton $25 $57 $83 ORC 1 $33 $78 $112 Entropic $39 $88 $127 Large Steam $84 $0 $84

27 Acknowledgement Manitoba Hydro/NSERC Chair in Alternative Energy Presentations on alternative energy