Chapter 1 Overview of Energy Use

Transcription

1 MAE 493R/593V- Devices Outline Today s energy use - world energy consumption is demanding and increasing Chapter 1 Overview of Energy Use Fossil fuels and environmental impact - Oil and coal will be used up - Oil price is soaring - Green house effect is induced by fossil energy use Renewable energy sources and devices - Renewable energy use will rapidly increase - Renewable energy use is sustainable - Renewable energy development will provide opportunity - Technical barriers are challenging and costs will be reduced Today s Energy Landscape Total world consumption of marketed energy 1 Btu=1.055 kj Quardrillion=10 15 Energy Landscape Source: MRS Bulletin, 2008, No.4 In the IEO2010 projections, total world consumption of marketed energy increases by 49 percent from 2007 to kg In US, Annual average energy use in kilograms of oil equivalent per person in US: 5 times the average worldwide In the world in 2007, the annual average Electric power consumption per person: 2864 kwh In the US in 2007, the annual average Electric power consumption per person: 13,638 liters Source: Source: Annual Energy Outlook 2010 by the Energy Information Administration 1

2 Rate of world energy usage (TW), Statistical Review of World Energy 2009, BP World energy usage (TW), Statistical Review of World Energy 2009, BP U.S. Fossil Energy Use World Annual Oil Production ( ) and Peak Oil (2010 Scenario) source: Worldwatch Institute. Data updated with the BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2

3 14 Total World Carbon Emissions GtC = billions of metric tons of carbon World Oil Price GtC Other CO2 Fossil Fuel CO Source: Energy to 2050; IEA 2003 U.S. U.S global mean surface temperature difference relative to the average. Data source: NASA GISS 3

4 Effects of Global Temperature Increase: -worldwide reduction in glacial mass and extent in the 20th century. -melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet has recently become apparent. -snow cover has decreased in many Northern Hemisphere regions. -sea ice thickness and extent have decreased in the Arctic in all seasons. -the oceans are warming - sea level is rising due to thermal expansion of the oceans and melting of land ice. Energy Outlook Do we have any alternative to the fossil fuels? The alternative is the efficient use of renewable energy sources! Source: Energy to 2050; IEA 2003 Source: Wikipedia Global Clean-Energy Projected Growth Energy Use and Environmental Impact CO 2 Emissions: comparison between energy sources $US Billions ,5 81,1 83, ,3 25,4 30,1 20,3 16 1,5 Biofuels Wind Power Solar Power Fuel cells Total g CO2/kWh Wind Hydraulics Thermal Solar Biomass PhotoVoltaic Solar Geothermy Nuclear Gas Oil Coal with CO2 capture 1050 Coal Source: R. Pernick, C. Wilder: The Clean Tech Revolution, 2008 Source: B. Sovacool / Energy Policy 36 4

5 Clean Energy Plans in USA: T. Boone Pickens has the Pickens Plan; Al Gore has his Generational Challenge to America John McCain's and Barack Obama's renewable energy plans Google's plan to save the planet: Clean Energy 2030 natural gas Oil & coal Savings form electricity biomass Geothermal Solar Wind hydroelectric nuclear Google s Clean Energy 2030 Google s Clean Energy 2030 Summary: 1. Fossil fuel-based electrical generation reduced by 88% 2. Transportation oil consumption reduced by 38%. 3. Foreign oil imports reduced by 33%. 4. Electrical sector CO 2 emissions reduced by 95%. 5. Personal vehicle sector CO 2 emissions reduced by 38%. 6. Overall US CO 2 emissions reduced by 48% Google s Clean Energy 2030 Summary: We can achieve these results in 2030 by: Replacing all coal and oil electricity generation, and about half of that from natural gas, with renewable electricity: 380 GW wind: 300 GW onshore + 80 GW offshore 250 GW solar: 170 GW photovoltaic (PV) + 80 GW solar thermal power 80 GW geothermal Increasing plug-in vehicles (hybrids & pure electrics) to 90% of new car sales in 2030, reaching 41% of the total US fleet that year Increasing new conventional vehicle fuel efficiency from 31 to 45 mpg in 2030 photo: Sparky via flickr Industry Job opportunities and academic positions March 19, 2009 President Obama Announces $2.4 Billion in Funding to Support Next Generation Li-ion Battery Electric Vehicles. DOE Support for Advanced Battery Manufacturing and Electric Vehicle Deployment to Create Tens of Thousands of U.S. Jobs LI-ion battery DoE/ARPA-E announces $250 Million for Advanced Li-ion battery, fuel cell and other energy research NASA, NIST, NSF Many faculty position openings in Universities and National Labs. 5

6 Job Market: Jobs: What are challenges for renewable energy use? Technical barriers - Limited energy efficiency of renewable energy devices - Concerned reliability and long-term durability - Incorporation into electric grid and current system Costs - First-time investment is expensive Energy policy and rules devised by Government 6