City of Kingston 2015 Community Greenhouse Gas Inventory

Transcription

1 City of Kingston Community Greenhouse Gas Inventory August 1th, 01 prepared by:

2 Kingston Community GHG Inventory Update

3 Contents Executive Summary 1 Introduction 3 Inventory Protocol, Boundary, Scope 3 Inventory scopes details Methodology Summary Data sources and quality Assumptions 7 Modifications from past inventories 7 Results 9 Results by sector Results by emissions source 1 Comparison with other cities 18 Appendix 1 Assumptions 0 Appendix Inventory Input Data 1 Appendix 3 Inventory results 3 Appendix Updated database

4 Kingston Community GHG Inventory Update

5 Executive Summary As a member of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM) Partners for Climate Protection (PCP) Program, the City of Kingston has committed to measuring its community and corporate energy and emissions, setting targets for their reduction, and to assembling and carrying out action plans to reduce these emissions. This report serves to update past inventories completed for the community, which started in, and subsequently carried out in 003, 00, 009, and. The inventory was completed following the PCP protocol, using the geopolitical boundary of the Municipality of the City of Kingston, and covers the years 01 and. The sectors covered include: residential, ICI (industrial, commercial and institutional), transportation and waste. The emissions sources covered include: electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, propane, gasoline, diesel, waste, and wastewater. City of Kingston community inventory energy, emissions, and expenditures by sector Table 1. Energy consumption, emissions, and costs by sector Sector GJ tco e (thousands) Expenditures (millions $) Residential ICI 1 8 Transportation 37 3 n/a 3 n/a Total 1,3 78 Energy Consumption million GJ Emissions 1.3 million tco e Energy Expenditures $78 million Sector % 19% 33% % 1% % 19% Transportation ICI Residential 7% 7% 39% GJ % 7% t COe (x0,000) 1 11% 1% $ (x0 million) % Sector Transportation ICI Residential 1

6 Overall, emissions were seen to have decreased by 170,000 tonnes and 11% from the years to, which was largely attributed to the significant reduction in the emissions factor for electricity in Ontario. While the overall population increased by approximately 0,000 people (1%) to 18,000 over the 1 years, the City's per capita energy use remained the same, per capita emissions decreased by 3% (again, due to the electricity emissions factor), and per capita expenditures went up by 13%. Overall emissions decreased by 1% from the year, on track with the City's Climate Action Plan target of a 1% reduction from to 00. This also exceeds their previous target of a % reduction from to 01. Results for the year and their changes from the years and are summarized by sector on the previous page and by fuel source below. City of Kingston community inventory energy, emissions, and expenditures by source Table. Energy consumption, emissions, and costs by source Fuel Type GJ tco e (thousands) Expenditures (millions$) Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil Propane Gasoline Diesel n/a 3 n/a water n/a 0 n/a Energy Consumption million GJ % % % % 19% 3% Emissions 1.3 million tco e 0.00% % % % 31% 3% 3% % Energy Expenditures $78 million 0% % 3% 3% 0% 3% Source/fuel water Diesel Gasoline Propane Fuel Oil Natural Gas Electricity GJ % 7% tcoe (x0,000) % 1% % $ (x0 millions) 3 1 Source/fuel water Diesel Gasoline Propane Fuel Oil Natural Gas Electricity Kingston Community GHG Inventory Update

7 Introduction Global context Under the current context of energy and infrastructure in our country, the activities required to live our daytoday lives have direct consequences to our environment and climate. That is, the burning of fuel to run cars, power buildings, operate factories, and light our streets releases gases into the Earth's atmosphere. Increases in greenhouse gases alter the Earth s ability to naturally regulate the climate, as the Earth s climate is determined by its ability to both trap and reflect heat from the sun and to circulate it through the atmosphere and the oceans. When this capacity is altered, so too is the Earth's climate. This ultimately results in largescale changes to weather patterns, including: increases in storms, droughts, other extreme weather events, as well as an overall increase in the average temperature of the Earth. 1 This not only affects us when buildings, crops, and cities are destroyed by these events, but it is also threatening the ecosystems that produce the air that we breathe. It is for this reason that governments at all levels are making efforts to track and reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. This inventory tracks emissions from the greenhouse gases CO, NO, and CH, which are deemed to be the three main types of gases released which cities can most greatly influence. Gases are measured in kg released into the atmosphere, and all other greenhouse gases are converted into equivalents of carbon dioxide (kgcoe). City of Kingston context In 00, the City of Kingston Council adopted a reduction target of % below base year levels by 01. This target was achieved, with the community's inventory showing an 11% reduction in the year 01, and continuing to drop slightly below this amount in. In 01, the City of Kingston Council updated its Community GHG targets to a reduction of 1% below levels by 00 and 30% below levels by 030. In, the City was on track to meet this goal, having reduced emissions by 1% from. The City of Kingston is also a member of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities Partners for Climate Protection Program and has committed to measuring its community and corporate energy and emissions, setting targets for their reduction, and to assembling and carrying out action plans to reduce these emissions. Inventory Protocol, Boundary, Scope The protocol, boundary and scope of the past (00, 009, and ) inventories have been applied to the inventory update. Any upgrades to the methodology used for were also applied to prior years' data such that a consistent approach was reported for all years. These are summarized in the table below. Table 3. Summary of protocol, boundary, and scope used in the and past inventories. Inventory Same as prior years? Yes Detalis Protocol ICLEI Protocol for community reporting (a.k.a PCP Protocol) Sectors to be reported on include: residential, industrial, commercial, industrial, transportation and waste. As per prior years, the available data for Kingston did not allow for the separation of industrial and commercial, and as such these were combined into one industrial, commercial, and institutional (ICI) sector. 1 More details on the relationship between climate change and greenhouse gases at: For more information on GHGs and the PCP inventories, please see Inventories_for_Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_and_Energy_Consumption_EN.pdf 3

8 Table 3 continued Inventory Same as prior years? Detalis Boundary Geopolitical Yes All emissions associated with activities occurring within the geopolitical boundary of the Municipality of the City of Kingston were included. Scope S1: Direct Emissions & S: Indirect Emissions* Yes Stationary S1: Decentralized fuel consumption S: Decentralized electricity/heat/steam consumption Transport S1: Tailpipe from onroad vehicles Solid S1: Direct Emissions from landfill, compost and incineration facilities within the community S3: Landfill, incineration and compost emissions in the present year from waste produced in the community. water treatment and discharge** S1: Direct Emissions from wastewater facilities located within the community. * See next section for further details on scopes ** water treatment and discharge were not included in prior inventories. percapita amounts were applied to prior years. Inventory scopes details An inventory's scope outlines which emissions activities it covers. A Scope 1 inventory covers the emissions from activities taking place and being released within the city's geopolitical boundary, while an inventory that includes Scopes 1 through 3 will cover all emissions from activities within the boundary, including from energy or materials used in the city but produced elsewhere. This inventory covers Scopes 1 and, however does not include fugitive emissions, process emissions, and emissions from agriculture, consistent with prior inventories. Scope 1: Direct Emissions These come from sources or activities taking place within the City's geopolitical boundary. 1. Stationary Combustion: Combustion that produces electricity, steam heat or power using equipment in a fixed location (i.e. power plants).. Mobile Combustion: Combustion of fuels for transportation. (i.e. cars, public transit). 3. Process Emissions: Emissions from physical or chemical processing other than fuel combustion (i.e. cement manufacturing).. Fugitive Emissions: Emissions not physically controlled but that result from intentional or unintentional releases (i.e. HCFs released from refrigeration equipment). Scope : Indirect Emissions Emissions associated with the consumption of purchased or acquired electricity, steam, heating or cooling. These emissions result from activities that take place within the geopolitical boundary but the release of the emissions (i.e. electricity power plant) may take place outside of the political boundary. Scope 3: Other Indirect Emissions All other indirect emissions not included in Scope. These can be emissions resulting from extraction and production of purchased materials and fuels. Kingston Community GHG Inventory Update

9 Methodology Summary Data collection Energy and emissions quantities and expenditures were collected from the City and utilities for the years 01 and and compiled into a database. Assumptions were applied from prior years or the next most relevant data sources in cases where actual amounts for 01 and could not be collected. Details on the energy and emissions data collected, their sources and their level of quality are indicated in the following Data sources and quality section. All assumptions applied are reported in Appendix 1 and the data itself is reported in Appendix. Inventory assembly Energy usage, emissions, and yearly expenditures were calculated for the years 01 and and reported by sector (residential, industrial/commercial/institutional, transportation, and waste) as well as by emissions source (electricity, natural gas, propane, heating oil, gasoline, diesel, waste, and wastewater). Complete inventories can be found in Appendix 3. Energy quantities were converted to Gigajoules (GJ) for all sources. Gigajoule is a metric measure of energy usage, equal to one billion joules, or the amount of energy used in a typical Canadian home over 3 days. 3 Emissions quantities were measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents (tco e). A weight of CO e is the measure of the amount of a gas that is released into the atmosphere alongside the relative radiative impact of that gas on it, also known as its Global Warming Potential. For energy and emissions factors used, please see Appendix 1. Comparisons with prior years' data The totals from the 01 and inventories were then compiled alongside information from the most recent () inventory and its previous years (, 00, and 009). To ensure consistency and to allow for meaningful yeartoyear comparison, modifications in methodologies and emissions factors were applied to the historical data sets as needed. Any changes made to prior years' inventories are stated in the modifications from past inventories section. While inventories for both the years 01 and were completed, comparisons were reported from the base year () to the most recent year (). The exception to this is expenditure data, for which there was no data available for the base year. The updated database for the years is included in Appendix. Data sources and quality Table. Summary of inventory data sources and data quality for the 01 and inventories. Emissions source Service provider Quality of data Data attribute Comments Electricity HydroOne high consumption Actual kwh usage was provided by sector from the utility. medium cost Data not available. Average amount from HydroOne and Utilities Kingston utility data was used. Utilities high consumption Actual kwh usage was provided by sector from the utility. Kingston medium cost Data not available. Average amount from HydroOne and Utilities Kingston utility data was used. 3 Alberta Department of Energy. Energy Measurements. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. GHG Data Frequently Asked Questions. questions/items/38.php

10 Emissions source Natural Gas Fuel Oil Propane Gasoline Diesel water Service provider Quality of data Data attribute Comments Union Gas high consumption Actual m3 usage was provided by sector. medium cost Data not available. Utilities Kingston 01 rate from Utilities Kingston website was used. Residential rate was applied as a conservative estimate. Utilities Kingston modelled data modelled data Kent Marketing Services Kent Marketing Services City of Kingston City of Kingston medium consumption Actual m3 usage was provided, but only distinguished between residential and commercial. As such, these had to be clustered into one (ICI) sector for reporting. medium cost Data not available. Utilities Kingston 01 rate from Utilities Kingston website was used. Residential rate was applied as a conservative estimate. low consumption Modelled using base data from 00 and projected residential and commercial growth to. medium cost NRCan 01 and average retail price for furnace oil Kingston was used. low consumption Modelled using base data from 00 and projected residential and commercial growth to. medium cost NRCan 01 average retail price for propane in Kingston was used for both years, no reported amounts. high consumption Actual L of gasoline sold in Kingston. medium cost NRCan 01 average retail price for regular gasoline in Kingston was used. high consumption Actual L of diesel sold in Kingston. medium cost NRCan 01 and average retail price for diesel in Kingston was used. low tonnage City of Kingston Unofficial Residential Report only included residential waste. City's rough estimate of 3% organic waste to landfill was used to derive an emissions factor. Amounts for other years used this percapita quantity. high flow City reports of flows from water treatment plants in m3. Actual measured COD mg/l and BOD mg/l were provided for plants for 01 and and an average of these was used for the third to derive an emissions factor. This only accounted for 0.1% of water treated, so data quality was not compromised from this. Legend for data quality: High: Actual usage data covering the period of the inventory year, from a credible data collector/provider. Medium: Actual usage data provided, with some assumptions from within or around the geographic boundary, inventory year, or otherwise to fill in data gaps. Low: Based mainly on assumptions. Kingston Community GHG Inventory Update

11 Assumptions Table. Emissions factor assumptions and their sources used in 01 and inventory calculations. Energy type/ source Emission factor Unit Electricity 0.00 kgcoe/ kwh Natural Gas 1.91 kgcoe/ m3 Source Environment Canada National Inventory Report Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada, Table A137 Environment Canada National Inventory Report Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada, Table A1& Fuel Oil.7 kgcoe/l Environment Canada National Inventory Report Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada, Table A Light residential Propane 1.38 kgcoe/l Environment Canada National Inventory Report Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada, Table A3 Gasoline.00 kgcoe/l Environment Canada National Inventory Report Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada, Table A1 Diesel.70 kgcoe/l Environment Canada National Inventory Report Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada, Table A1 water kgch/l COD kgch/l BOD 00 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Chapter water Treatment and Discharge 8 kgcoe/t Consistent with coefficient used in past inventories, for emissions per ton of organic waste landfilled, and minimal methane flaring at landfills Additional comments 01 value used, data not yet available Adjusted to incorporate CH and NO Adjusted to incorporate CH and NO Adjusted to incorporate CH and NO Modifications from past inventories Electricity emissions factor While the emissions factor for other fuel sources remained unchanged since the baseline inventory, the emissions factor for electricity changes year to year, depending on the electricity energy mix in the province. This emissions factor is reported by Environment Canada every year in its National Inventory Report (NIR). In addition, these reports include upgrades to historical emissions factors as the methodologies for emissions factor estimations are improved. The emissions factors used in the inventory were updated as per the table below. Note that at the time of reporting, the most recent NIR report released was for 01, for which the most recent emissions factor year was 01. As shown in Table, the emissions factor for electricity generation in the Province decreased by approximately 8% from to 01, attributable to the phase out of coal as a fuel source for electricity. This was replaced with noemission and loweremission alternatives such as nuclear, hydro and renewables, natural gas and biomass, moving from % coal in the supply mix in 003, to 0% in 01. Ontario Ministry of Energy.. The End of Coal: An Ontario Primer on Modernizing Electricity Supply. energy.gov.on.ca/en/files//11/endofcoalenweb.pdf 7

12 Table. Comparison of Ontario electricity emissions factors for 01 reported in Environment Canada's National Inventory Reports and used in Kingston's emissions inventories. The emissions factor dropped from 0.3 in to 0.0 in 01, by approximately 8%. Consumption Intensity (kg CO eq / kwh) NIR year emissions factor used in inventory update emissions factor used in inventory update, carried over from prior year 0 emissions factor used in inventory update Natural gas emissions factor This was updated from kg/coe/m3 to a value of 1.91 kgcoe/m3, according to data from Environment Canada's National Inventory Report , Tables A1& for Ontario's emission factor for natural gas (Table A1) plus the CH and NO emissions factors for electric utilities (Table A), converted to COe using factors of 8 and, respectively. Only residential landfill tonnage values were available for the City for. Prior inventories had included amounts for the whole City, however, it was indicated by the City that this data was also estimated. As such, the percapita waste generation and emissions amount for residential waste was applied to prior years. While it would be preferable to include waste amounts for the whole City and not just the residential sector, this was done in order to maintain consistency in the data reported. Should more accurate waste generation and landfill emissions results be collected in subsequent inventories, a similar approach could be taken to update past years' waste results and to incorporate waste generated from all sectors. water Emissions for wastewater were included in the inventory, which had not been included in prior years' inventories. Similar to the approach taken for waste reported, the percapita amount was applied to past years emissions totals. 8 Kingston Community GHG Inventory Update

13 Results Total emissions for the City dropped by 11% from the year to the year 01, exceeding the City's target of a % reduction for community emissions during this time. Emissions were 1% lower from to, which is also on track with the City's Climate Action Plan midterm target of a 1% reduction from to 00. Overall, the City's yearly emissions decreased by 171,000 tons (11%) from the year to. Per capita energy consumption increased, however, by 1.%, while population increased by 13%. This resulted in an overall increase in energy consumption for the City by 1%. The emissions reduction over this time can largely be explained by the significant reduction in the emissions factor for electricity that occurred alongside improvements to the Ontario energy mix and the phasing out of coalfired plants, whose influence is further discussed in the Electricity section of this document. In, the ICI sector was the largest user of energy as well as contributor to emissions, while the transportation sector was responsible for the majority of energy expenditures. For energy sources, natural gas consisted of the most used energy by GJ amount and contributed the most emissions, while the greatest amount of expenditures were on gasoline. GJ Figure 1. City of Kingston energy usage and emissions for,, and City of Kingston Energy Usage t COe (x0,000) Residential ICI 1 City of Kingston Emissions Transportation Figure. Summary of community energy consumption, emissions, and expenditures by sector and fuel type. Energy Consumption million GJ Emissions 1.3 million tco e Energy Expenditures $78 million Sector % 19% 33% % 1% % 19% Residential ICI Transportation 7% 7% 39% % % % % 19% 3% 31% 0% % % % 3% 3% % 0% % 3% 3% 0% 3% Source/Fuel type water Diesel Gasoline Propane Fuel Oil Natural Gas Electricity 9

14 Results by sector Residential Emissions calculated in the residential sector come from energy used in buildings (heating, cooling, lighting, appliances, etc.). In the case of electricity, this can either have no emissions associated (if renewable sources are used), or a certain amount of emissions are produced at the power plant from burning fossil fuels or utilizing chemical processes. Natural gas, fuel oil, and propane can all be used in boilers and furnaces onsite, which will also produce emissions. From to, the residential sector observed a % decrease in per capita energy consumption and % decrease in emissions, owing to both a decrease in the emissions factor for electricity as well as a slight decrease in electricity usage. Natural gas usage, on the other hand, increased by approximately 0% from, and accounted for approximately half of energy usage in. Average natural gas prices decreased from $0.3/m 3 in 00 to $0.33/m 3 in 01 (no data was available for ), a drop of nearly 0%, while electricity prices increased by % from $31/GJ in 00 to $38/GJ in (no data was available for subsequent years from the utility). While cost data extrapolations were used for the analysis, an overall trend could be seen in natural gas and electricity's cost increases and decreases against their total consumption. Impact of weather Figure 3. Annual heating and cooling degree days for the City of Kingston. 17 GJ/capita () 18 GJ/capita () HDD CDD SUM,37 13,0 00 3,7 3,99 007,0 81,33 008,113 0, ,19 19,31 0 3,777 31,098 3,870 37,7 01,3 13,8,18 180,3 CDD HDD SUM One confounding factor influencing energy consumption and emissions is the weather, or, more specifically, the number of heating and cooling degree days (HDD and CDD, respectively). Relatively warmer years will result in greater electrical consumption for A/C while relatively cooler years will result in more consumption of natural gas and electricity for heating. A heating degree day is the number of degrees that a day's average temperature is below 18 C, indicative of the amount of energy needed to heat buildings to operating temperatures in that day. For example, a day with an average temperature of C will have a Heating Degree Day of 1 C. Similarly, a cooling degree day provides a measure of energy needed to cool buildings, noted by the number of degrees that a day's average temperature is above 18 C. CDD The figure above shows the relationship between the total heating and cooling degree days and yearly per capita residential natural gas usage. Since, the number of Heating Degree Days decreased by % (less energy needed to heat buildings), Cooling Degree Days went up by 3% (more energy needed to cool buildings), and there was a 3% decrease in total Heating and Cooling degree days. Per capita natural gas usage increased by 3%, however, simple regression analysis did show that a significant relationship exists between heating degree days and per capita natural gas consumption. SUM GJ/Capita Kingston Community GHG Inventory Update

15 Figure. Annual energy consumption, emissions, and expenditures by fuel source for the residential sector. Per capita amounts include postsecondary student population, noted in Appendix, Table 18. GJ 3 1 Residential annual energy use GJ/capita +3% Propane Fuel Oil Natural Gas Electricity Per capita Baseline years change in total change per capita % kgcoe (x0 million) 3 1 Residential annual emissions COe/capita (t) Propane Fuel Oil Natural Gas Electricity Per capita Baseline years change in total % change per capita 9% $ Residential annual expenditures x0$/capita % Propane Fuel Oil Natural Gas Electricity Per capita Baseline years change in total 00 change per capita 1% 00 11

16 Industrial/Commercial/Institutional ICI emissions are generated in the operation of buildings, as well as any other technologies used for commercial operations such as materials processing or manufacturing. Emissions can be produced from the processes themselves, however they are not covered in the scope of this inventory. ICI accounted for 7% of total energy use in, dominated by natural gas (7% of energy usage for this sector in ). Natural gas usage increased by 3% from, yet total emissions were offset by a decrease in the emissions factor for electricity. Figure. Annual energy consumption, emissions, and expenditures by fuel source for the ICI sector. Per capita amounts include postsecondary student population, noted in Appendix, Table GJ kgcoe (x0 million) ICI annual energy consumption ICI annual emissions GJ/capita COe/capita (t) Propane Fuel Oil Natural Gas Electricity Per capita Baseline years change in total +3% +7% change per capita Propane Fuel Oil Natural Gas Electricity Per capita Baseline years change in total % change per capita % $ ICI annual expenditures x0$/capita Propane Fuel Oil Natural Gas Electricity Per capita Baseline years change in total +1% 00 0% change per capita 00 1 Kingston Community GHG Inventory Update

17 Transportation Transportation emissions are generated when fossil fuels are burned to run vehicles. In the City of Kingston, nearly all vehicles use gasoline and diesel. The transportation sector accounted for % of energy, 33% of emissions, and % of energy expenditures for the City in. Total usage increased by only 3%, owing to a per capita usage drop in 8% from. This was likely driven by increases in average fuel costs, which went from 0.9$/L to 1.0$/L from 00 to. Figure. Annual energy consumption, emissions, and expenditures by fuel source for the transportation sector. Per capita amounts include postsecondary student population, noted in Appendix, Table 18. GJ Transportation annual energy consumption GJ/capita +% 7% Diesel Gasoline Per capita Baseline years change in total change per capita kgcoe (x0 million) 3 1 Transportation annual emissions COe/capita (t) +3% 7% Diesel Gasoline Per capita Baseline years change in total change per capita $ Transportation annual expenditures x0$/capita Diesel Gasoline Per capita Baseline years change in total +% 00 change per capita +1% 00 13

18 and wastewater Solid waste emissions are generated when it decomposes at landfills, is biologically treated, and/or incinerated. When landflled, its organic components decompose with the help of bacteria, releasing CH and CO emissions. The extent of emissions associated with disposed waste will depend on: the amount of waste disposed, the composition of the waste stream, the method through which it is treated, as well as whether the gases produced are recovered (know as 'landfill gas capture'). The City of Kingston's waste emissions calculation was based on,9 tonnes of residential waste generation noted in an interim report for the year, with an estimated 3% organic content. The emissions factor applied was based on the fact that the majority of landfills that the City's waste was sent to practice, at a minimum, methane flaring. water emissions are generated from the decomposition of its organic content. Similar to solid waste, the extent of emissions will depend on the amount of waste produced, the amount of organic content within it, how it is treated, as well as the amount of gas capture and organic content removal that is done in treatment. water emissions factors were calculated from flow volumes and organic content measurements from the City's wastewater treatment plants, noted in Appendix, Table 13. Due to lack of data availability and in order to apply a consistent approach, waste and wastewater emissions for prior years were calculated based on the per capita value, so a temporal analysis of these values is not relevant in this case. In, wastewater accounted for % of total emissions, while solid waste accounted for less than 1%. As previously noted, only residential waste was considered, thus this amount would likely be significantly higher if ICI waste were included and should be updated once better data becomes available. It should also be noted that while solid waste accounted for only a small portion of emissions, the cobenefits of reduction efforts should be considered in emissions reductions plans. For example, reductions in fuel consumption by waste disposal vehicles that could be carried over to the transportation sector. Results by emissions source Figure 7. emissions without and with improvements to Ontario's electricity emissions factor. t COe (x0,000) City of Kingston Emissions, no change in 0 emissions factor % +13% 1 t COe (x0,000) 1 City of Kingston Emissions, actual 11% The charts on the following page show the changes in fuel and emissions source usage for the City from to. Natural gas usage accounted for the greatest amount of energy usage and emissions, with 81% of usage coming from the ICI sector. Electricity and gasoline made up the larger majority of expenditures. Summaries of the total makeup for, as well as changes from for each emission source are provided in the remainder of this section. It should be noted that in, 8% of electricity consumption was from the ICI sector and 3% from residential. As previously discussed, the decreasing emissions factor for electricity has played a major role in overall emissions reductions for the city. Electricity energy usage decreased by 7%, while emissions from electricity decreased by over 80% from. The figure to the left demonstrates this influence, showing the 13% increase in emissions that would have occurred if the emissions factor from were to have remained constant. As such, total emissions for the City are just over 0% less than they otherwise would have been. 1 Kingston Community GHG Inventory Update

19 Figure 8. Aggregated and split apart annual energy consumption, emissions, and expenditures by emissions source. Aggregated emissions by source are highlighted, as an overall summary of the City's past and current emissions from to date. Annual energy usage by emissions source (aggregated) Annual energy usage by emissions source (individual) GJ tcoe (x0,000) Annual emissions by source (aggregated) GJ tcoe (x0,000) Annual emissions by source (individual) Annual expenditures by source (aggregated) Annual expenditures by source (individual) $ (x0 million) 3 $ (x0 million) Source/fuel Diesel Natural Gas Baseline years Gasoline Electricity Propane Fuel Oil water 1

20 Electricity Energy consumption.88 million GJ Emissions 8,000 tco e Expenditures 18 million $ 19% % 3% portion of total portion of total portion of total total change > 7% 3% 83% % 3% per capita > 7% 7% 8% 8% 7% Natural Gas Energy consumption 13.9 million GJ 3% % Emissions 8,000 tco e Expenditures 118 million $ 0% portion of total portion of total portion of total total change > per capita > +% % +% % +% % +% % 19% % Fuel Oil Energy consumption 0.1 million GJ Emissions 3,000 tco e Expenditures 1 million $ % 3% 3% portion of total portion of total portion of total total change > per capita > % 7% 18% % % 7% 18% % +% 0% 1 Kingston Community GHG Inventory Update

21 Propane Energy consumption 0.9 million GJ Emissions 3,000 tco e Expenditures 1 million $ % 3% 3% portion of total portion of total portion of total total change > per capita > +1% 11% 0% 1% +1% 11% 0% 1% 19% % Gasoline Energy consumption.73 million GJ Emissions 09,000 tco e % 31% 0% Expenditures 9 million $ portion of total portion of total portion of total total change > per capita > +18% 0% +% % +18% 0% +% % +18% +13% Diesel Energy consumption 0.39 million GJ Emissions 8,000 tco e % % 3% Expenditures 1 million $ portion of total portion of total portion of total total change > per capita > % 9% 8% 0% % 9% 8% 0% 7% 9% 17

22 water Emissions 0,000 tco e % Residential Emissions 3,000 tco e portion of total portion of total +1% +% +1% +% Comparison with other cities Figure 9. Total emissions per capita for nine cities in Ontario from 0. The City of Kingston showed higher per capita emissions results from the other Ontario cities throughout the years. It is important to note that it is difficult, however, to draw meaningful comparisons between total reported emissions from one city to the next, due to the variability in contexts and scopes both for their emissions and energy usages, and for the methodologies used to report them. The table shows the different scopes covered by the different cities. 18 Kingston Community GHG Inventory Update

23 Table 7. Per capita emissions and scopes covered for nine Ontario cities' inventories. Jurisdiction tcoe/capita City of Kingston Town of Halton Hills. City of London City of Ottawa.8 Waterloo Region.7 City of Guelph Region of Durham City of Toronto City of Vaughan Scope Buildings, industry, transportation, solid waste, wastewater Buildings, industry, transportation, solid waste, wastewater, agriculture and forestry Buildings, industry, transportation and solid waste Buildings, transportation, solid waste, wastewater and agriculture Buildings, industry, transportation, solid waste and agriculture Buildings, industry, transportation and solid waste Buildings, industry, transportation and solid waste Uncertain Uncertain 19

24 Appendix 1 Assumptions Table 8. Energy conversion factors. Energy type/ Amount Unit Source source Electricity 0.00 GJ/kWh National Energy Board nrg/tl/cnvrsntbl/cnvrsntbleng.html#s1ss1 Natural Gas GJ/m3 01 B.C. Best Practices Methodology for Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Table 1 Fuel Oil GJ/L 01 B.C. Best Practices Methodology for Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Table 1 Propane 0.0 GJ/L 01 B.C. Best Practices Methodology for Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Table 1 Gasoline 0.03 GJ/L 01 B.C. Best Practices Methodology for Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Table 1 Diesel GJ/L 01 B.C. Best Practices Methodology for Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Table 1 Table 9. Cost assumptions and their sources used in inventory calculations. Energy type/ source Cost Unit Source Electricity 38 $/GJ Kingston GHG Inventory, no cost data available from utility, cost used Natural Gas 0.33 $/m3 Utilities Kingston 01 rate. Data for (or years prior to current year) not available from utility. Fuel Oil 1.19 $/L NRCan Average retail price for furnace oil Kingston Propane 0.7 $/L NRCan Average retail price for propane in Kingston, 01 value was used, no reported amounts available at time of reporting Gasoline 1.0 $/L NRCan Average retail price for regular gasoline Kingston Diesel 1.38 $/L NRCan Average retail price for diesel Kingston 0 Kingston Community GHG Inventory Update

25 Appendix Inventory Input Data Table. Residential utility data. Fuel Type Usage Units Data source(s) Electricity 0,18,91 kwh HydroOne: (317,37,) Utilities Kingston: (18,8,30) Natural Gas 7,983,31 m3 Union Gas: (,08,90) Utilities Kingston: (,91,1) Fuel Oil 1,91,701 L Modelled data Propane,93,797 L Modelled data Table 11. Industrial/Commercial/Institutional utility data. Fuel Type Usage Units Data source(s) Electricity 8,1, kwh HydroOne: 'Commercial' (1,1,), 'Industrial' (178,0,8); Utilities Kingston: 'Commercial' (370,9,3), 'Industrial' (11,7,3) Natural Gas 90,77,78 m3 'Union Gas: 'Commercial' (,0,73), 'Industrial' (1,9,013), 'Contract' (18,70,918) Utilities Kingston: 'Commercial' (8,11,91) Fuel Oil 7,39 L Modelled data Propane 17,9,13 L Modelled data Table 1. Fuel usage data. Fuel Type Usage Units Data Source Gasoline 13,70,19 L Kent Group Ltd. fuel data Diesel,180,11 L Kent Group Ltd. fuel data Table 13. data. Input Amount Units Data Source Residential,9 t City of Kingston Unofficial Residential waste reported, *City's estimate of 3% organic landfilled waste water 8,99,33 m3 City reports of flows from water treatment plants as well as reports for measures of (COD mg/l, BOD mg/l) Cat Bay: 9,7,08 (17, 17) Ravensview: 19,37,71 (, 77.) Cana: 9,1 (no report, average taken from other plants) 01 Table Residential utility data. Fuel Type Usage Units Data source(s) Electricity 1,703,0 kwh HydroOne: (317,37,) Utilities Kingston: (18,8,30) Natural Gas 7,,819 m3 Union Gas (,98,89) Utilities Kingston (7,97,9) Fuel Oil 1,,1 L Modelled data Propane,,18 L Modelled data 1

26 Table Industrial/Commercial/Institutional utility data. Fuel Type Usage Units Data source(s) Electricity 811,18,91 kwh Utilities Kingston: 'Commercial' (37,00,9), 'Large User' (11,17,3) HydroOne: 'Commercial' (139,899,000), 'Industrial' (17,897,000) Natural Gas 9,07,8 m3 Union Gas: 'Commercial' (3,18,088), 'Industrial' (1,,30), 'Contract' (18,7,73) Utilities Kingston: (0,,99) Fuel Oil 81,77 L Modelled data Propane 17,71,17 L Modelled data Table Fuel usage data. Fuel Type Usage Units Data Source Gasoline,90,8 L Kent Group Ltd. fuel data Diesel 9,09,88 L Kent Group Ltd. fuel data Table data. Input Amount Units Data Source Residential,38 t No data, backcast from amount based on population, see entry for assumptions water 3,3,017 m3 City reports of flows from water treatment plants: flow, (COD mg/l, BOD mg/l) Cat Bay: 9,98,01 (13, 13) Ravensview:,3,97 (188,.) Cana: 0,030 (no report average from other plants taken) Table 18. Population counts and sources used for the inventory update. Where no reported data was available, population totals were interpolated. City of Kingsotn estimated student population numbers were provided by the City's Planning Department, as noted in the inventory. Census population Interpolated population City of Kingston population report City of Kingston estimated student population Interpolated student population Total 113,90 1,78 18, ,19 1,8 19, , ,8 00, , ,0 1, 13, ,37 1,1 133, ,8 1,78 13,0 009,939 1,7 13,81 0 1, 1, ,117 13,33 18,0 11, ,70 18, 13, ,978 18,81 1, ,8 19,07 1,333 18,78 19,0 17,818 Kingston Community GHG Inventory Update

27 Appendix 3 Inventory results (01) BY SECTOR BY FUEL TYPE RESIDENTIAL Fuel Type GJ kgcoe Expenditures ($) 01 TOTALS by emissions source Fuel Type GJ kgcoe Expenditures (million $) Electricity Electricity Natural Gas Natural Gas Fuel Oil Fuel Oil Propane Propane TOTAL Gasoline Diesel INSTITUTIONAL/COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL Residential n/a 3 n/a GJ kgcoe Expenditures ($) water Fuel Type n/a 0 n/a Electricity Total 1,33 8 Natural Gas Fuel Oil PROPORTIONS by emissions source Propane Fuel Type GJ kgcoe Expenditures TOTAL Electricity 18% % 33% Natural Gas % 3% % TRANSPORTATION Fuel Oil % 3% 3% Fuel Type GJ kgcoe Expenditures ($) Propane % 3% 3% Gasoline Gasoline % 30% 3% Diesel Diesel 1% % % TOTAL Residential n/a 0% n/a WASTE GJ kgcoe Residential n/a 3 water n/a 0 TOTAL n/a 3 water n/a % n/a 01 TOTALS by sector Sector GJ kgcoe Expenditures ($) Residential ICI Transportation 9 1 n/a 3 n/a TOTAL 1, PROPORTIONS by sector Sector GJ kgcoe Expenditures ($) Residential 0% 1% 1% ICI 7% 7% 0% Transportation 3% 3% 39% n/a % n/a 3

28 Appendix 3 Cont'd Inventory results () BY SECTOR BY FUEL TYPE RESIDENTIAL TOTAL by emissions source GJ Fuel Type kgcoe Expenditures ($ GJ millions) Fuel Type kgcoe Expenditures (million $) Electricity Electricity Natural Gas Natural Gas Fuel Oil Fuel Oil Propane Propane TOTAL Gasoline Diesel INSTITUTIONAL/COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL Residential n/a 0 n/a water Fuel Type GJ kgcoe Expenditures ($) n/a 0 n/a Electricity Total 1,33 78 Natural Gas Fuel Oil PROPORTIONS by emissions source Propane Fuel Type GJ kgcoe Expenditures TOTAL Electricity 19% % 3% Natural Gas 3% % 0% TRANSPORTATION Fuel Oil % 3% 3% GJ Fuel Type kgcoe Expenditures ($) Propane % 3% 3% Gasoline Gasoline % 31% 0% Diesel Diesel % % % TOTAL Residential n/a 0% n/a water n/a % n/a WASTE GJ kgcoe Residential n/a 0 water n/a 0 TOTAL n/a 0 TOTAL by sector GJ Sector kgcoe Expenditures ($) Residential ICI 1 8 Transportation 37 3 n/a 0 n/a TOTAL 1,33 78 v PROPORTIONSby sector Sector GJ kgcoe Expenditures ($) Residential 19% 1% 19% ICI 7% 7% 39% Transportation % 33% % n/a % n/a Kingston Community GHG Inventory Update

29 Appendix Updated database BY SECTOR RESIDENTIAL GJ Fuel Type Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil Propane TOTAL RESIDENTIAL kgcoe Fuel Type Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil Propane TOTAL RESIDENTIAL Expenditures (millions $) Fuel Type Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil Propane TOTAL INSTITUTIONAL/COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL GJ Fuel Type Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil Propane TOTAL INSTITUTIONAL/COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL kgcoe Fuel Type Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil Propane TOTAL

30 INSTITUTIONAL/COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL Expenditures (millions $) Fuel Type Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil Propane TOTAL TRANSPORTATION GJ Fuel Type Gasoline Diesel TOTAL TRANSPORTATION kgcoe Fuel Type Gasoline Diesel TOTAL TRANSPORTATION Expenditures (millions $) Fuel Type Gasoline Diesel TOTAL WASTE kgcoe Residential water TOTAL TOTAL GJ Sector Residential ICI Transportation TOTAL TOTAL kgcoe Sector Residential ICI Transportation TOTAL 1,97 1,377 1,3 1, 1,3 1, 1,00 1,331 1,3 TOTAL Expenditures (millions $) Sector Kingston Community GHG Inventory Update

31 Residential ICI Transportation TOTAL BY FUEL TYPE Energy consumption by emissions source (million GJ) Fuel Type Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil Propane Gasoline Diesel Residential n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a water n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Total Emissions by emissions source (million kgcoe) Fuel Type Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil Propane Gasoline Diesel Residential water Total 1,97 1,377 1,3 1, 1,3 1, 1,00 1,331 1,3 Expenditures by emissions source (million $) Fuel Type Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil Propane Gasoline Diesel Residential n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a water n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Total

32 COSTS Energy type/ Unit source Electricity $/GJ Natural Gas $/m Fuel Oil $/L Propane $/L Gasoline $/L Diesel $/L EMISSIONS FACTORS Energy type/ source Unit Electricity kgcoe/ kwh Natural Gas kgcoe/ m3 Fuel Oil kgcoe/l Propane kgcoe/l Gasoline kgcoe/l Diesel kgcoe/l water "kgch/l 0./0.8 0./0. 0./0.1 0./0.0 0./0.1 0./0. 0./0.3 0./0. 0./0. COD/BOD kgcoe/t Kingston Community GHG Inventory Update

33 9

34 City of Kingston Community Greenhouse Gas Inventory prepared by: 30 Kingston Community GHG Inventory Update