Intra-urban Pollution Gradients and Public Health Impacts. Thomas Matte MARAMA NESCAUM NYSERDA - NARSTO Workshop November 12-13, 2008

Transcription

1 Intra-urban Pollution Gradients and Public Health Impacts Thomas Matte MARAMA NESCAUM NYSERDA - NARSTO Workshop November 12-13, 2008

2 Intra-urban air pollution gradients related to combustion sources Some NYC history Public Health Impacts Epidemiologic evidence Exposure assessment methods Health disparities

3 Some depression era history: APSNYC dustfall measurements the slum areas are the worst with the harbor, industrial, and commercial areas next in order. Residential sections are low; private residential sections are of the same order as the suburban areas, and are lower than multiple dwelling areas. Source: AJPH 1937;27:321-33

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5 The evolution of air pollutionhealth effects surveillance. Advances in sampling technology Investigation of lethal air pollution incidents Use of a limited number of sites to monitor indicator pollutants across a city Time series studies of daily air quality and health outcomes

6 Use of regulatory monitoring in epidemiology studies Time -> A-1 A-2 B-1 B-2 Within city temporal patterns are similar across monitoring sites One or a few sites: Variation in average daily citylevel concentration - time series Between-city differences in annual average levels (e.g. Pope et al. 2002) Limited within-city spatial resolution Especially for near-source combustion emissions

7 Increasingly, local stakeholders are concerned about the health impact of gradients in air quality across neighborhoods within-cities.

8 These concerns have paralleled trends in air pollution health effects research Increase in Pubmed citations per year compared to % N= % 500% 0% N=3041 N= now Air Pollution +Urban AND (Spatial Variation OR Traffic) +Land Use Regression

9 Recent examples using modeled exposure or exposure proxies PM2.5 and atherosclerosis in adults, Southern California (Kunzli et al. 2005) Density of roads near home and exhaled nitric oxide in children, Windsor, Ontario (Dales et al. 2008) NO 2 and CHD incidence, Rome, Italy (Rosenlund et al. 2008)

10 Recent examples using residential exposure measures Residential outdoor NO 2 and incident asthma in children, Southern California (Jarrett et al. 2008) Residential outdoor and indoor primary combustion aerosol, NO 2 and inflammatory biomarkers in elderly with CAD, LA air basin (Delfino et al. 2008)

11 Methods for estimating intra-urban air quality gradients Regulatory monitoring + geostatistical interpolation Source (e.g. traffic) proximity Land use regression + enhanced or saturation sampling, most often for NOx and/or PM 2.5 Dispersion modeling Hybrid approaches Subject-specific measurements = uses spatially resolved emissions estimates

12 Risk of cardiovascular event vs. PM Women s Health Study. Miller et. Al. 2007

13 What accounts for associations of intra-urban pollution or exposure gradients and health? Reduced exposure misclassification Measured/ modeled differences in e.g. NOx or PM exposure proxies for exposure to: Primary combustion aerosol/ UFP DEP VOCs, SVOCs, including PAHs Confounding factors (e.g. noise, SES)

14 NYC Poverty Health Disparities Life expectancy Asthma Hospitalization rates- Children Source: Karpati et al 2004 Source: SPARCS 2006

15 How much does air pollution contribute to NYC health disparities by SES? Differences in vulnerability? Differences in exposure? Joint distribution of vulnerability and exposure?

16 Variation in vulnerability Asthma Prevalence- Children Diabetes Prevalence- Adults Source: Schwarz et al Source: Kim et al. 2006

17 Variation in exposure? No Home A/C - Seniors Source: NYC Community Health Survey, 2006 Source: Ross et al. 2007

18 How much does air pollution contribute to NYC health disparities? Air Initiative 14: Launch collaborative local air quality study The New York City Community Air Survey 150 street-level locations PM, EC, Metals, NOx, SO2, O3

19 References Jerrett et al. Traffic-related air pollution and asthma onset in children: a prospective cohort study with individual exposure measurement. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116: Kunzli et al. Ambient Air Pollution and Atherosclerosis in Los Angeles. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113: Dales et al. The influence of living near roadways on spirometry and exhaled nitric oxide in elementary schoolchildren. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116: Delfino et al. Circulating biomarkers of inflammation, antioxidant activity, and platelet activation are associated with primary combustion aerosols in subjects with coronary artery disease. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116: Rosenlund et al. Traffic-Related Air Pollution in Relation to Incidence and Prognosis of Coronary Heart Disease. Epidemiology 2008;19: PlaNYC. Pope et al. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA. 2002;287: Ross et al. A land use regression for predicting fine particulate matter concentrations in the New York City region. Atmospheric Environment 2007;41: Miller et al. Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Incidence of Cardiovascular Events in Women. N Engl J Med 2007;356: Pincus et al. A Study of Air Pollution in New York City. AJPH 1937; 27: McCarroll et al. Excess Mortality As An Indicator Of Health Effects Of Air Pollution. AJPH 1966;56: Schwarz AG, McVeigh KH, Matte T, Goodman A, Kass D, Kerker B. Childhood Asthma in New York City. NYC Vital Signs 2008, 7(1): 1-4. Kim M, Berger D, Matte T. Diabetes in New York City: Public Health Burden and Disparities. New York: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Karpati A, Kerker B, Mostashari F, Singh T, Hajat A, Thorpe L, Bassett M, Henning K, Frieden T. Health Disparities in New York City. New York: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 2004.

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21 Denser population, mixed land use Transit friendly, less overall GHG and other emissions? More people living near High traffic and traffic congestion Other combustion sources