Energy from Wind Perspectives and research needs

Transcription

1 Energy from Wind Perspectives and research needs Herman-Josef Wagner Ruhr Universität Bochum Institute für Energy Systems and Energy Economics Heraeus-Seminar A Physics Perspective on Energy Supply and Climate Change Prediction, Mitigation and Adaptation 27 May 2008

2 Perspectives

3 Use of wind energy world wide Status quo [MW] share of world wide installed power Germany USA Spain India China Danmark Italy France Other Total ,0 Status of wind energy worldwide

4 New technology needs testing :Problems with gear boxes Lehre\LEHRE\Vorlesungen\weitere Vorlesungen\CO2 waagerecht.ppt

5 Percentage of the installed capacity (28 MW) of an onshore windfield Source: Measurement of the 250 MW-wind program of the Federal Ministry for Research and Technology, Germany Windenergy needs back-up power stations and grid extension (Rated power is only 6%, 600 km new high voltage lines are necessary)

6 Research Needs

7 1. Environmental & Social Impacts: Integration in to the landscape, noise impacts, birds flight paths, Life Cycle Analysis, Sustainability 2. Wind Turbine & Component Design Issues: basic research in aerodynamics, structural dynamics, dynamic forces, new materials, Feasibility studies of new systems, generators using permanent magnets, gear boxes 3. Testing, Standardisation, & Certification: common accepted certification procedures 4. Grid Integration: forecast of wind resource, power quality, use of storages 5. Operation & Maintenance: condition monitoring, early failure detection, maintenance of offshore turbines, corrosion 6. Offshore Wind Technology : foundation structures, meteorology, grid connection, transport and erection Research needs

8 Research Results of Life Cycle Analysis

9 Example of ProcessChainAnalysis

10 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): Instrument to quantify environmental impacts of the entire energy supply chain Study throughout the lifetime of a product (cradletograve) Cumulated Energy Demand (CED): CED is one part of LCA as far as the depletion of energy resources is concerned Methodology

11 3 % each Rotor blade 15 % Housing without generator 23 % Generator Source: Enercon Magazin Data : LEE 30 % Steeltower 11 % Fundament 12 % Monitoring system and network access Structure of cumulative energy demand of an onshoreplant (1,5 MW)

12 3 % each Rotor blade 22 % Housing without gearbox 5 % Gearbox 21 % Steeltower Source: Picture: REPOWER; Data: LEE 1 % Network access 42 % Fundament Structure of cumulative energy demand of an offshoreplant (5 MW)

13 5 MW Offshore with gear box (REPOWER) 1.5 MW Onshore without gear box (ENERCON) 90,000 14,000 80,000 70,000 12,000 60,000 10,000 CED [GJ] 50,000 40,000 30,000 CED [GJ] 8,000 6,000 20,000 4,000 10,000 2,000 0,000 Rotor Blades and Hub Maschinery 0,000 Rotor Blades Maschinery Tower Foundation Tower Foundation Service and Maintenance Transportation/ Mounting/Dismantling Service and Maintenance Transportation/ Mounting/Dismantling Structure of Cumulated Energy of two different windmills

14 EPT Primary energy demand (CED) for Production, Operation, Disposal Gained or substituted Primary energy equivalent construction phase Start of construction Start-up Energy Payback Time (EPT) operational phase Time of earning disposal End of operating

15 Cumulative Energy Demand, Yearly Energy Output MW el offshore design 1.5 MW el coastal Yearly Energy Output (primary) [1000 GJ/a] CED [1000 GJ] By share of infrastructure Comparison of CED and yearly primary energy output

16 Research Cumulated CO 2 / kwh

17 Lignite Anthracite Natural Gas Photovoltaic Biomass Hydroelectric Wind Legend Nuclear energy lower limit Plausibility range upper limit Solar heat 1) Figures of plausibility not possible CO 2 - emission of electricity generation in consideration of the whole chain Comparison of different studies

18 Research Integration of Storages

19 Modelling of an electricity system including wind energy and storages EEX Market Wind power Demand time time Grid Offshore wind park Customer Conventional power plant Storages

20 2000 MW Storages EEX Wind Gas Coal Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Results for the supply structure with storages during one exemplarily winter week

21 Courses of the EEX-price and the charging levels of the storages used during one winter week MWh EEX-Price Level CAES Level Hydro 0 1 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 0

22 Research Sustainability of Renewables

23 Energy security related risks Cumulated Energy Demand Energy Costs Gross Employment Effects Usage of Air Resources Usage of Water Resources Land Use Covering supply, technical and economical related risks Aggregation via measure for concentration tendencies (Hirschman-Herfindahl index) According to VDI guideline 4600: totality of energetic expenditures Distinction of sustainable / non-sustainable energy expenditures Calculation with annuity method according to VDI guideline 2067 A 5% discount rate was used. Induced by installation of MW capacity of a specific technology Comparison of two scenarios: business as usual vs. installation Software: MARESforte Critical air volume that is necessary to attenuate emissions accurate to limits that are defined and regulated by law Critical water volume that is necessary to attenuate water based pollutants accurate to limits that are defined and regulated by law Direct land use by energy system and infrastructure Indirect land use due to visual disturbance of the environment (= buffer area trading off the visual impact) Sustainability indicators

24 Reference System Specification System efficiency [%] PV System field unit Installed capacity [MW] 0.5 Expected lifetime: System (IS*) [a] 20 / (40) 13.2 Solar irradiation [W/m 2 ] 1,000 Wind speed [m/s] Capacity factor [%] Wind energy converters onshore offshore / (40) 20 / (40) GCC plant NG fired / (40) Investment costs (IVC) [ /kw] 5,110 1,250 1,700 1,330 Operational costs p. a. [% of IVC] Description of reference systems

25 Results for energy systems with backup e) Air usage f) Water Usage PV-1 Wind-1 Wind-2 GCC PV-1 Wind-1 Wind-2 GCC Ref. BU Ref. BU Ref. BU Ref. Ref. BU Ref. BU Ref. BU Ref. [m 3 /kwh] [m 3 /GWh] g) Land Use 4 PV-1 Wind-1 Wind-2 GCC (99.9) visual (%) [10 3 m 2 a/mwh] (40) direct 0.96 (99.5) (88) (0) (95) (94) Ref. BU Ref. BU Ref. BU Ref.

26 Thank you for your attention