Airplane campaign in

Transcription

1 International Workshop on Regional and Intercontinental Transport of Air Pollution, Hanoi, Vietnam, 14 Oct., 2008 Airplane campaign in Northeast tasia Shiro HATAKEYAMA (Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology)

2 Contents I. Aerial observation experiments in China ( ) II. Aerial observation experiments around Beijing in April-May 2006 III. Aerial observation over the East China Sea in March-April, 2008

3 I. Aerial observation experiments in China March 2002 Dec Jan Aug. Sept Area Over Bohai Along the coast of the East China Sea Shanghai-Wuhan-Chengdu 2003 inland area May June 2004 Shanghai-Wuhan-Chengdu 2004 inland area Airplane Yun-5 Yun-12 Yun-5 Yun-12

4 YUN-5 Aircraft YUN-12 Aircraft Gas monitors Aerosol samplers

5 Flight Tracks Flight plans, Dec Jan Qingdao Dalian Flight plans, Aug. - Sept Changzhou Shanghai 3 Changzhou Wenzhou 2 Chengdu Jiangbei Xinjin Chongqing Wuhan Shashi Shanghai 1: Dec. 26, : Dec. 28, : Dec. 31, : Jan. 5, : Jan. 6, 2003

6 Flight Track /10 6/9 Chengdu 5/21 5/19 5/27 5/20 5/31 Shanghai Chongqing 5/28 5/31 6/7 Wuhan

7 Example of variation of gaseous pollutants

8 Spiral lflight on June 9, 2004 (near Nanjing) High conc. of gases were observed at regular intervals.

9 SO 2 /ppb SO 2 on June 9, 2004

10 Weather Map on June 9, 2004 Observation area was covered with a high h pressure.

11 June 9 BT Origins of air mass were different between lower altitude (< 1500m) and higher altitude (>2000m).

12 Chemical composition of aerosols

13 Aerosol Chemical Composition (Ionic species) Sep. 13, 2003 near Chengdu Sep. 4, 2003 near Shanghai Conc./neq m PM10 at <2000m PM10 at >2000m PM2.5 at <2000m PM2.5 at >2000m Conc./neq m PM10 at <1500m PM10 at >1500m PM2.5 at <1500m PM2.5 at >1500m NO3- SO42- NH4+ Ca NO3- SO42- NH4+ Ca2+ near Chengdu near Shanghaih Conc./neq m PM10 at <2000m PM10 at >2000m PM2.5 at <2000m PM2.5 at >2000m Conc./neq m PM10 at <2000m PM10 at >2000m PM2.5 at <2000m PM2.5 at >2000m 0 NO3- SO42- NH4+ Ca2+ 0 NO3- SO42- NH4+ Ca2+

14 m -3 [N NO3 - ],[SO4 2- ]/neq m PM2.5 峨眉山 Mt. Emei y = x R 2 = y = x R 2 = ]/neq m -3 [NO3 - ],[SO4 y 250 = x R 2 = [NH ]/neq m Mt. Emei Mt. Wudan PM2.5 武当山 y = x R 2 = Aug.-Sept., 2003 :SO 2-4, :NO - 3 Mt. Wudan y = x R 2 = y = x R 2 = PM2.5 舟山 160 y = x R = y = x [NH + 4 ]/neq m -3 Zhoushan [NO3 - ],[SO4 2- ]/n neq m R 2 = Zhoushan Island y = x R 2 = [NH 4 + ]/neq m -3

15 Emission Inventories of SO 2 and NH 3 in China (2000) Eastern China is a big emission source of not only SO 2 but also NH 3. Kannari et al., 2006.

16 Summary of experiments Aerial observations of air pollutants and aerosols over mainland China were carried out in 2002, 2003 and 2004 High concentrations of SO 2, and NOx were observed near big cities such as Chongqing, Chengdu, and Nanqing at lower altitudes Very good linear correlations between acidic species (SO 2-4, NO 3- ) and basic species (NH 4+, Ca 2+ ) could be observed at any place in China The ratio of SO /NH 4+ was higher in inland area and lower in coastal area.

17 II. Aerial observation experiments around Beijing in 2006

18 Flight tracks / Beijing Tianjin 渤海湾 Bohai

19 Co onc./neq m Concentrations of ionic species in aerosols collected on board (April-May, 2006) NO3- SO42- NH4+ Ca / 5/ 5/ Time

20 Ionic composition of aerosols collected on board SO % 2006 Aerial Anion F- 3% Cl- 12% NO 3-23% 2006 Aerial Cation Mg 2+ Na+ 14% 10% Ca 2+ 62% NH % K+ 1% 20

21 Co onc./neq m Concentrations of ionic species in aerosols collected on board NO3- SO42- NH4+ Ca / 5/ 5/ Time

22 Around April 18, 2006 Kosa was observed in Japan on both days

23 CFORS prediction of Kosa transport

24 Back trajectories from 3 UTC on April 18, 2006 from Beijing, Dalian, and Qingdao Beijing Dalian Qingdao

25 Ionic composition of aerosols at Dalian Dalian Apr.2006 anion (PM2.5) F - 3% Cl - 16% Dalian Apr.2006 cation (PM2.5) Mg % Na+ 12% SO % NO 3-24% Dalian Apr.2006 anion (PM10) SO % F- 3% Cl- 18% NO 3-24% Ca % K+ 10% NH % Dalian Apr.2006 cation (PM10) Mg % Ca % Na+ 13% K+ 11% NH % Ca 2+ is higher Than NH 4 + Impact of Kosa (Yellow sand) is large

26 Ionic composition of aerosols at Qingdao Qingdao Apr.2006 Anion (PM2.5) F - 3% Cl - 16% Qingdao Apr.2006 cation (PM2.5) Ca % Mg 2 + 8% Na+ 15% SO % NO 3-28% K+ 4% NH4+ 56% Qingdao Apr.2006 anion (PM10) Qingdao Apr.2006 cation (PM2.5) (PM10 F - ) Mg 2 + 3% Cl - Na+ 13% 8% 17% 19% NH 4+ is higher Than Ca 2+ SO % NO 3-28% Ca % 17% K+ 5% NH4+ 41% Impact of Kosa (Yellow sand) is small

27 Summary of 2006 experiment Upper layer (>1000m) around Beijing and Tianjin received air mass affected by Kosa (yellow sand) in April, During the observation period in Dalian Ca 2+ was usually higher than NH 4+. This is quite different from regular pattern. Dalian received Kosa on April 8; Ca 2+ was high. Both SO 2-4 and NO 3- were also high. Qingdao was not affected by Kosa in that period. Even when the concentration of aerosol was high, NH 4+ was the highest cationic component in aerosol. Air mass came from western or southwestern area.

28 III. Aerial observation over the East China Sea in March-April, 2008 Photograph offered by the Yomiuri Shimbun. Flight Track March March April 2 4. April 4 Simultaneous intensive ground-based observation at Fukue and Hedo

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30 Acknowledgment for Collaborations Aerial experiment in China Akinori Takami (Nat l Inst. Environ. Studies) Wei Wang (Chinese Res. Acad. Environ. Sci.) Aerial experiment over the East China Sea K. Sato, A. Shimizu (Nat l Inst. Environ. Studies) Y. Kondo, N. Takegawa, K. Kawana (U. Tokyo) H. Bandow, Y. Sadanaga (Osaka Pref. U.) Y. Kajii, S. Kato (Tokyo Metropolitan U.) I. Watanabe, S. Hanaoka (Tokyo U. Agric. Technol.) T. Arakaki (Ryukyu U.)