Landfill: Waste or Raw Material Source

Transcription

1 Landfill: Waste or Raw Material Source CEEP Conference on Landfill/Waste Diposal, Brussels, 16 July 2009 Thomas Probst, bvse

2 bvse - Federal German Association on Secondary Raw Materials and Waste Management A leading specialist and industry association Structure of the member companies: 670 mainly medium-sized companies of all types of recycling Members: a total of employees Members: annual turn over rate of 10 billions Euro Active member in the Bureau of International Recycling Publications Markets and marketing bvse Entsorgergemeinschaft (EMAS): Certification board, DIN and ISO certifications, supervising

3 Landfill versus Dumping

4 Dumping

5 Dumping sites: Low cost of waste disposal Wet sites Uncontrolled areas - no monitoring Small sites but numerous Mixtures of wastes: Houshold Commercial and industrial Demolition and construction Biological and biomasses Toxic and hazardous wastes Release of: Climate sensitive gases Toxic and hazardous liquids Dangerous fillings: Liquids, sludges, suspensions, colors Flammable wastes and used tyres Explosives or oxidising waste Hospital and clinical waste, which is infectious

6 Dumping sites: Hence, dumping sites are (very) reactive systems which are endangering water, air, soil, plants, animals and human health. Numerous but small dumping sites might cause widespread contaminations. They might show migration of toxic and hazardous substances in soil as well as in in surface water and in ground water. Thus, the clearance of dumping sites might create large costs for a long time. This all means resource destruction by dumping!

7 Second best: Landfilling

8 Landfill

9 Landfill types: Hazardous, non-hazardous, inerts Mono-depositions Sub-surface type, salines Industrial type: Process sludges and process residues Sewage sludges Watery sludges and suspensions Please note, that mining has often an own legal system, independent from surface landfills

10 Landfills: Costs for waste disposal Controlled areas, monitoring of water, air, soil, plants Larger sites, i.e. waste of 500,000 people per site Waste separation Waste pretreatment to generate inert deposition material Categorization of landfills; i.e. hazardous, non-hazardous, inerts Isolation of waste from biosphere; enclosure of wastes Control of process gas releases Control of flows of surface water and of ground water Collection of waste water; waste water treatment Dry site Hence, landfills are second best for disposal if in accordance with CD 1999/31/EC. First best are incinerations plants. Landfills may be regarded as storage systems of waste streams. Also landfills might cause very long-lasting postponed care. Thus, landfills will cause large costs for closure, profiling and monitoring for a long time (100 years).

11 Europe: EU waste landfill directive, CD 1999/31/EC. Monitoring of waste deposition in Europe. Reports from the Commission on the situation of landfills in Europe. Germany: Since restrictions in landfilling due to carbon contents to be lower than 1% (TOC LC I) and 6% (TOC LC III), respectively.

12 Building up Landfills

13 Monitoring and Sampling of Landfills Analysis of emissions and imissions into the environment: Analysis of air and of the release of process gases, e.g. CH 4, CO 2, H 2 S Analysis of waste water, of ground water and process water

14 Landfill: raw material resources

15 Landfill and Secondaries Professor Martin Faulstich, TU München, 12/2008: Landfills in Germany contain more than 1 billion tons of unseparated houshold waste.. Thus, it can be concluded that controlled landfill reopening might generate secondaries and/or. Secondaries: Wood Glass Metals and iron scrap Generation of WDF/RDF from: Waste paper Plastics Biological materials Textiles

16 Landfill as Resource Professor Martin Faulstich, TU München, 12/2008 : Landfills in Germany contain more than 1 billion tons of unseparated houshold waste. Their metal contents can exceed those of ore materials by far. Hence, it can be concluded that controlled landfill reopening might generate secondaries and/or valuable resources, i.e. million tons of resource. Resources from metal and iron scrap: PGE precious group elements: Cu, Ag, Au, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ir, Ru, Os Refractory metals: Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Re; Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Cr Catalysts REE Other resources: Baryt, Zirkon, Fluorit, Bentonit, Phosphat

17 Landfill costs 80 /t Primary costs in 20 /t 60 /t Incineration Residuals from secondaries 5 10 /t Dumping site Landfill Secondary costs in Mio. Incineration Residuals from secondaries Dumping site Landfill

18 First best: generation of secondaries

19 Waste Amounts in Germany 366 Mio. tons Total wastes 189 Mio. tons demolition and construction Municipal solid waste and commercial waste 46 Mio. tons Secondary raw materials 24 Mio. tons Residual waste for energy recovery and MBT* 22 Mio. tons *)Mechanical biological treatment

20 Verteilung Monostoffe Bioabfälle 25% Altöl 1% Schrotte 27% Vermarktungsmengen Textilien 2% Altholz 12% Verteilung Mischstoffe Plastik Glas 6% 3% EBS/SBS 1% Verpackungen 2% Gewerbeabf. 16% Sperrmüll 1% PPK 20% Sonderabf. 3% Biogene Abf.. 1% Metalle 4% mineralische Bauabf. 69% Mischstoffe 288 Mio. t Monostoffe 78 Mio. t Restabfall 7%

21 Generation of Secondary Raw Materials Objectives of Reuse and Recycling Ecology: Clean environment Sustainability Reduction of CO 2 emissions Waste reduction Economy: Saving of resources and energy Profits by reuse, recycling and recovery WTO: European and international exchange of secondaries WTO: Stabilization of international markets on primary raw materials by secondaries

22 Generation of secondaries Paper, plastics, glass, steel scrap, scrap metals, bio-materials, mineral aggregates, WDF, specials (mineral oil, solvents), textiles Sources of secondaries are various wastes and residuals Packaging materials, WEEE, vehicles and tyres, commercial wastes, industrial wastes, process waste and residues, agriculture and food production, mining, demolition wastes, water treatments sludge, toxic and hazardous wastes

23 From Waste to Secondaries The Amounts in Germany Fe-Scrap, 2006 Paper, 2006 Glass, 2005 Plastics, 2007 Secondaries, bvse-data Metal Scrap (Cu, Al, Zn, Pb), 2005 Amounts of marketing in Mio. To 22,2 2,82 15,50 2,52 4,86 Recycling and Recovery in Mio. To 21,2 2,69 15,25 2,36 2,17 Wood, 2007 Textiles, 2007 Biological waste, 2006 Used mineral oil, 2003 Total 9,68 0,75 8,48 0,47 67,3 2,2 0,68 8,42 0,32 55,3 (82 %)

24 From Waste to Secondaries Separate Collection versus Sorting Firstly separate collection: Hazardous or toxic wastes Commercial and industrial waste Bottles and Packaging WEEE Demolition and construction materials Tyres Secondly sorting off: Plastics Metall scrap Steel scrap Generation of clean and high quality materials : Secondaries WDF - waste derived fuel

25 From Waste to Secondaries Separate Collection versus Sorting Collection of mixed wastes: Houshold Commercial and industrial Demolition and construction Biological and biomasses Postponed sorting off: Plastics Metall scrap Steel scrap Generation of lower quality: Secondaries WDF - waste derived fuel

26 Conclusions Landfills in accordance with CD 1999/31/EC are efficient systems for disposal. Landfills might cause large costs for closure, profiling and monitoring up to a very long period. Landfills are emitting process gases (Kyoto-protocoll) and process water. Hence, they need careful monitoring. Landfills are second best for disposal but give the chance to store yet secondaries and resources. Controlled re-opening of landfills might generate valuable secondaries and resources and cuts off postponed care.

27 Questions? Contacts?... to Thomas Probst, bvse, Hohe Str. 73, Bonn, Germany T: 0049/228/ , F: 0049/228/ ,