Negative CO 2 emissions by bioenergy with carbon capture and storage - why and how?

Transcription

1 Negative CO 2 emissions by bioenergy with carbon capture and storage - why and how? Toni Pikkarainen, VTT VTT beyond the obvious 1

2 OUTLINE Climate change, global warming Consequences? Adaptation and mitigation? BECSS - Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage Chemical looping combustion (CLC)? Bio-CLC Nordic Energy Reasearch Flagship project: Negative CO2 Take-away VTT beyond the obvious 2

3 Global mean temperature: from the beginning By Glen Fergus - Own work; data sources are cited below, CC BY-SA 3.0, VTT beyond the obvious 3

4 Global mean temperature: history The Eemian = tyears ago VTT beyond the obvious 4 1-2ºC warmer than Holocene CO 2 ~280 ppm Sea level +6 9 m Past few July global temperatures likely surpassed the (long-term average) July temperatures of the Eemian period

5 Global mean temperature: modern history VTT beyond the obvious 5

6 Global mean temperature: future Observed global temperature change and modeled responses to stylized anthropogenic emission and forcing pathways Globally -50 % CO 2 emissions by 2030 (vs. 2010) and carbon neutral by Current nationally stated mitigation ambitions consistent with 3 C global warming by Ref. IPPC (2018). Global Warming of 1.5 C 6

7 After the Paris agreement the target is CO 2 - negative society Source: Anderson K., Peters G. The trouble with negative emissions. Science 14 Oct 2016: Vol. 354, Issue 6309, pp DOI: /science.aah4567 CO 2 removal technologies such as BECCS (Bio-Energy Carbon Capture and Storage) are becoming essential for achieving the 2 C target 1 CCS and bioenergy are the two most valuable technologies for achieving climate policy objectives more important than energy efficiency improvements, nuclear, solar power and wind power motivated by their combined ability to produce very significant negative emissions via BECCS 2 1. Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Kriegler E., Weyant J., Blanford G., Krey V., Clarke L., Edmonds J., Fawcett A., Luderer G., Riahi K., Richels R., Rose S., Tavoni M., van Vuuren D, (2014), The role of technology for achieving climate policy objectives: Overview of the EMF 27 study on global technology and climate policy strategies, Climate Change 123, pp

8 Remaining carbon budget? VTT beyond the obvious 8

9 Consequences of global warming? Impacts on natural and human systems from global warming have already been observed Human activity has caused global warming of 1 C on average already, 2-3 times that in the Arctic The difference between 1.5 C and 2 C means several hundred million people more suffering from water-stress, tropical diseases, hunger, heatwaves and poverty. If we let global warming continue from 1.5 C to 2 C, sea level will rise 0.1 meters more - leading to 10 million more people being experiencing flood hazard by 2050 This temperature rise may also lead to the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets melting, causing a multi-meter sea level rise VTT beyond the obvious 9

10 Consequences of global warming? Source: IPCC (2018) RFC1 Unique and threatened systems: ecological and human systems that have restricted geographic ranges constrained by climate related conditions and have high endemism or other distinctive properties. Examples include coral reefs, the Arctic and its indigenous people, mountain glaciers, and biodiversity hotspots. RFC2 Extreme weather events: risks/impacts to human health, livelihoods, assets, and ecosystems from extreme weather events such as heat waves, heavy rain, drought and associated wildfires, and coastal flooding. RFC3 Distribution of impacts: risks/impacts that disproportionately affect particular groups due to uneven distribution of physical climate change hazards, exposure or vulnerability. RFC4 Global aggregate impacts: global monetary damage, global scale degradation and loss of ecosystems and biodiversity. RFC5 Large-scale singular events: are relatively large, abrupt and sometimes irreversible changes in systems that are caused by global warming. Examples include disintegration of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. 10

11 Consequences of global warming? 11

12 Adaptation and mitigation? Total annual average energy-related mitigation investment for the period 2015 to 2050 in pathways limiting warming to 1.5 C is estimated to be around 900 billion USD2015. This corresponds to total annual average energy supply investments of billion USD2015 and total annual average energy demand investments of billion USD2015 for the period 2015 to 2050 Average annual investment in low-carbon energy technologies and energy efficiency are up scaled by roughly a factor of 5 by 2050 compared to VTT beyond the obvious 12

13 Carbon dioxide removal? Rapid and far-reaching transitions in energy, land, urban and infrastructure, and industrial systems are required to stabilize the global mean temperature rise well below 2 C from the pre-industrial temperature level. All pathways that limit global warming to 1.5 C with limited or no overshoot project the use of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) on the order of GtCO 2 over the 21 st century. Existing and potential CDR measures include afforestation and reforestation, land restoration and soil carbon sequestration, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS), enhanced weathering and ocean alkalinisation. ALL ARE NEEDED! 13

14 Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)? In pathways limiting global warming to 1.5 C, BECCS deployment is projected to range from 0 1 GtCO 2 per year in GtCO 2 per year in 2050, and 0 16 GtCO 2 per year in The median commitment to BECCS in 2100 is about 12 billion tons of CO 2 per year, equivalent to more than 25% of current CO 2 emissions. Among CDR technologies, BECCS is unique in generating more energy than is required to drive the CCS VTT beyond the obvious 14

15 Chemical looping combustion (CLC)? And bio-clc? VTT beyond the obvious 15

16 Combustion for heat and power Heat Flue gas CO 2, H 2 O, N 2 (+ "impurities") Boiler Post-combustion capture o Low CO 2 concentration o Hard to separate Air O 2, N 2 Fuel Gas, coal, oil, biomass, VTT beyond the obvious 16

17 Combustion for heat and power Heat Flue gas CO 2, H 2 O, N 2 (+ "impurities") Boiler Oxyfuel combustion o High CO 2 concentration o Easier to separate Air O 2, N 2 Fuel Gas, coal, oil, biomass, VTT beyond the obvious 17

18 Chemical Looping Combustion - CLC Heat O 2 depleted air Oxidized metal oxide Flue gas CO 2, H 2 O (+ "impurities") CO 2 H 2 O Metal oxides (oxygen carriers) based on Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni containing materials: o Natural ores (ilmenite, braunite) o Synthetic materials Air O 2, N 2 Reduced metal oxide Fuel Gas, coal, oil, biomass, 18

19 Carbon balance Sustainable biomass VTT beyond the obvious 19

20 Bio-CLC based on fluidized bed technology Cyclone Furnace Bed material: Inert sand Loop-seal Circulating Fluidized Bed Source: Valmet 20

21 Bio-CLC based on fluidized bed technology Cyclone Furnace Bed material: Inert sand Loop-seal Circulating Fluidized Bed 21

22 Bio-CLC based on fluidized bed technology VTT beyond the obvious 22

23 Bio-CLC based on fluidized bed technology Bed material: Metal oxides (oxygen carriers) in form of small particles, µm VTT beyond the obvious 23

24 The Negative CO 2 Project 4-year ( ) multi-partner project funded by Nordic Energy Research

25 Background and Targets VTT beyond the obvious 25

26 The Nordic Energy Situation o Nordic Energy Research is a funding agency associated with the Nordic Council of Ministers and the Nordic Council. o The Nordic countries have ambitious individual targets for reduction of CO 2 emissions by % in 2050 (or earlier). o The Nordic utility sector has low and decreasing CO 2 emissions (largely being hydro, wind and nuclear power). o But emissions from heavy industries are very significant (iron, steel, oil, natural gas, pulp, paper, chemicals, cement). o Emissions from transportation sector are also comparably high (long distances). o Energy consumption per capita is high (cold climate, developed economies).

27 The Nordic Countries and Bio Energy o Biomass constitutes 20% of the primary energy in the Nordic countries (EU27 7%). o Sweden and Finland produces 6% of the world s pulp and paper products, while having 0.2% of the worlds population. o Combined heat and power by combustion of woody biomass is very common in Sweden, Finland and Denmark. o The Nordic countries operate quite unique district heating networks, often powered by local biomass fired plants. o Diverse utility sector with a mixture of large (Vattenfall, Fortum, Eon etc) and small private and public companies. o The Nordic countries hosts design and manufacturing divisions of important technology providers (Valmet, Sumitomo SHI FW, Andritz, and others). o There is capacity for further growth, with studies suggesting that biomass could be the largest energy carrier in 2050.

28 The Nordic Countries and CCS o Norway operates two large integrated Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) projects (Sleipner, Snøhvit). o There are proven storage sites in the North Sea and possible sites also in the Baltic sea. o Norway is home to leading technology providers (Aker, Equinor (former Statoil) and others) o Capturing and storing CO 2 from biomass combustion is referred to as Bio Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS). This would provide negative CO 2 emissions. o Nordic energy roadmaps nowadays include negative emissions after 2030, to compensate for emissions in other sectors.

29 Project Pitch With respect to BECCS in the Nordic countries: o Needs negative CO 2 emissions to reach their emission targets. o Are world leading in the utilization of woody biomass. o Are world leading in carbon capture and storage. o Are home to leading bio energy technology providers. o Have very large biomass resources per capita. o Have well developed markets for biomass. o Have a diverse range of potential end users. o Should be able to afford investments in new technology. o Seems like just the place for deployment of BECCS!

30 Project targets We believe that Chemical-Looping Combustion of Biomass (Bio-CLC) is the cheapest and most practical way to realize BECCS. Primary objectives: o Take Bio-CLC to the next level of development, enabling up-scaling to at least semi-commercial scale ( MW th ). o Provide a realistic plan for how a demonstration plant can be funded, built and operated in one of the Nordic countries. Secondary objectives: o Answer specific research questions and improve knowledge in areas related to the different work package activities. o Build a strong and dedicated research alliance, devoted to the development and realization of Bio-CLC and BECCS in the Nordic countries.

31 Research Questions Oxygen Depleted Air (N 2, O 2 ) Ash Oxygen (O 2 ) Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Heat Air Reactor (AR) Me x O y Fuel Reactor (FR) Raw flue gas Oxygen Polishing Condenser Compression & Gas cleaning Me x O y-1 CO 2 /H 2 O Air (N 2, O 2 ) Biomass Condensate (H 2 O, Cl, HCl) Condensate (H 2 O,HNO 3, H 2 SO 4 ) Experimental investigation of core concepts Identification and evaluation of risks and opportunities Development of novel flue gas treatment system Design, upscaling, economy and implementation Place in the Future Nordic energy system

32 CLC operation and experience o CLC of solid fuels has previously been reported from several units o Fuel input ranging from 0.5 kw th to 4 MW th o More than 2700 hours of operation o Coal has been the most common fuel o Only a few studies on biomass operation, and at small scale o The Negative CO 2 project aims to o significantly increase the scale of bio-clc operations o o demonstrate the feasibility of this technology bring it closer to commercial full-scale application VTT beyond the obvious 32

33 Pilot Plant Operation The project has access to unique pilot plant infrastructure. 100 kw th unit at Chalmers kw th unit at VTT 150 kw th unit at SINTEF

34 Pilot Plant Operation o Demonstration in semi-commercial scale (4.5 ton solids inventory, 2.4 MW fuel power) in Chalmers research boiler. o Interconnected biomass gasification reactor emulates the fuel reactor, while the furnace emulates the air reactor. o Top-fed bubbling bed at <830 C. Not adapted for high fuel gas conversion. o Allows demonstration of the whole redox cycle, large-scale logistics and interactions between oxygen carrier and biomass ash.

35 Pilot Plant Operation Unit Oxygen carrier Fuel (*) Fuel feed (kw th ) Carbon capture rate (%) Oxygen demand (%) FR temperature ( C) Operation with fuel (h) VTT 50 kw Ilmenite (Titania AS) wwp, bwp h VTT 50 kw Mn ore ("Sibelco Braunite") wwp, bwp, wc h Chalmers 100 kw Mn ore ("Sibelco Calcined") wwp, bwp h SINTEF 150 kw Ilmenite (Titania AS) bwp h Chalmers Research Boiler Mn ore ("Sibelco Calcined") wwp (500) h (*) wwp white wood pellet, bwp black wood pellet, wc wood char Very recently, extremely good results (95 % fuel conversion) with biomass and a mixture of synthetic and natural oxygen carriers)* *Gogolev et al. 5 th International Conference on Chemical Looping, September 2018, Park City, Utah, USA

36 Ongoing work and future direction o Flue gas cleaning for Bio-CLC. This includes oxygen polishing (already implemented on Chalmers pilot unit) and novel concept for capturing NO x and SO x in liquid condensate during CO 2 compression. o Upscaling and implementation. Prospects for providing funding to demonstration plant, mapping of potential sites and determining how to minimize economic risk of demonstration plant. o Bio-CLC in the Nordic Energy System. Will be modeled in Times, Balmorel and in a detailed city level model of Helsinki with hourly time resolution and detailed individual unit parameters.

37 What is a reasonable cost? The global CO 2 emissions divided by the global GDP, gives the: carbon dioxide intensity 0.5 kg CO 2 / If multiplied by a tax, or cost for avoiding emissions, you get the tax/cost as fraction of global GDP Thus, if the tax is 2 /kg you get = 1 (i.e. the tax is 100% of the global economy, which is not possible!!!) but if it is 0.02 /kg the fraction is 1% 10/24/

38 What is a reasonable cost? Example Cost to avoid CO2 emission, /kg Share of total economy CLC, estimated % CCS, estimated % CCS, real, today? % Price needed, now % Price needed % [1] J. Rockström, O. Gaffney, J. Rogelj, et al. A roadmap for rapid decarbonization. Science 2017; 355:

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40 Added cost relative to CFB 1 Type of cost estimation, /tonne CO 2 range, /tonne CO 2 Efficiency penalty, % CO 2 compression Oxy-polishing Boiler cost Oxygen carrier Steam and hot CO 2 fluidization Fuel grinding Lower air ratio Total Type of cost estimation, /tonne CO 2 range, /tonne CO 2 Efficiency penalty, % CO 2 compression Oxy-polishing Boiler cost Oxygen carrier Steam and hot CO 2 fluidization Fuel grinding Lower air ratio Total Demonstration without CO 2 capture can significantly reduce costs. 1) Verify concept, and potential advantages wrt. alkali and NO x 2) Add CO 2 capture 1 Lyngfelt, A., and Leckner, B., A 1000 MW th Boiler for Chemical-Looping Combustion of Solid Fuels - Discussion of Design and Costs, Applied Energy 157 (2015)

41 Take-away Key messages To limit global warming well below 2ºC, the actions must start now If not, the consequences will be left to our children and grandchildren Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) is needed by all existing and potential measures BECCS is (probably) the most efficient way of using biomass with respect to climate not instead of other use of biomass it can be combined with other uses of biomass, i.e. recovering a waste stream Bio-CLC has a superior potential for cost reduction of CCS with netnegative CO 2 emissions Incentives are needed for technology demonstration and commercialization VTT beyond the obvious 41

42 Thanks for listening! Questions, comments? VTT beyond the obvious 42