Sachin Chugh Sr. Research Manager R&D Centre, IndianOil Corp. Ltd. IHFC 2018: 9 th 11 th December, Jodhpur

Transcription

1 The Energy Conundrum: Exploring Multiple Hydrogen Pathways Sachin Chugh Sr. Research Manager R&D Centre, IndianOil Corp. Ltd. IHFC 2018: 9 th 11 th December, Jodhpur

2 Warming Up! Not Possible w/o electrification Let s not trap in 0% The number line has some mid-options also 100% clutches of Carbon Imperialism CO2 Reduction Targets Even electricity will not be CO2 free for long time

3 Preparing the Canvas Air is not free Water is a precious source Ambient O2 kph for 1 hr: 97,500 litres of air Human being needs litres per day of air for breathing 1 car for 1 hr 1 bus takes for 1 away hr air takes needed by away 9 people air needed for a day by 38 people for whole kph for 1 hr: 1 car for 1 hr consumes litres of air (68% less) produces 4.5 lts of drinking water 1 bus for 1 hr produces 18 litres of water (H2 production process doesn t use air) Average e-car : kwhr battery (needs charging everyday) Average household load: 2 kwhr / day (India) Power plant roots are based on combustion Overlapping power and mobility is a risky proposition

4 Energy Pathways Centralized Steam Methane Reforming Electrolysis using SOEC Centralized Methanol reforming Conventional fuels Biomass gasification Various H2 Pathways Coal gasification Pet coke gasification These pathways can be compared based on total CO2 equivalent emissions and total energy consumption through Life Cycle Analysis.

5 Diesel Well-to-Tank Crude oil Recovery ~98.6% 69.3% Crude refining 86.2% 25.8% Refueling station 18% 15.1% 45.9% 15.6% 28.3% Pump-to-Wheels 18% Crude Transport ~1000km 83.5% WTT CO2 equivalent emissions- 448 g/km WTT energy consumed MJ/kWh Transportation to bulk terminal (~600km) = 15% TTW CO2 equivalent emissions g/km TTW energy consumed MJ/kWh Total CO2 equivalent emissions g/km Total Energy Consumed MJ/KWh (78.11 MJ/Km)

6 Gasoline Well-to-Tank Crude oil Recovery ~98.6% 69.3% Crude refining 87.7% 25.8% Refueling station 16% 15.1% 45.9% 15.6% 28.3% Pump-to-Wheels 16% Crude Transport ~1000km Transportation to bulk terminal (~600km) 85% WTT CO2 equivalent emissions- 476 g/km WTT energy consumed MJ/kWh Total = 13.6% TTW CO2 equivalent emissions g/km TTW energy consumed MJ/kWh Total CO2 equivalent emissions g/km Total Energy Consumed MJ/KWh ((92.5 MJ/Km)

7 CNG Well-to-Tank Steam Reforming 71.4% Pump-to-Wheels 17% NG Recovery ~95.9% Pipeline Transport ~2100km Compression and Transportation (~200km) 90.73% H2 Refueling station Total CO2 equivalent emissions g/km 81% Total CO2 equivalent emissions- 264 g/km Total energy consumed-4.43 MJ/kWh Total= 13.8% TTW CO2 equivalent emissions g/km TTW energy consumed MJ/kWh Total CO2 equivalent emissions g/km Total Energy Consumed MJ/KWh (90.63 MJ/Km)

8 Coal Gasification Well-to-Tank Coal Mining ~99.3% ~35% share Coal gasification to H2 51% H2 Compression & Transportation (~200km) 90.73% ~65% share Coal transport ~500 km H2 Refueling station Pump-to-Wheels 38% 40.7% Total= 15.4% WTT CO2 equivalent emissions g/km WTT energy consumed MJ/kWh TTW CO2 equivalent emissions- 914 g/km TTW energy consumed MJ/kWh Total CO2 equivalent emissions g/km Total Energy Consumed MJ/KWh (65.98 MJ/Km)

9 Biomass Gasification Well-to-Tank Biomass collection ~99.3% Handling, drying & storage 80% Biomass gasification to H2 48% H2 Compression & Transportation (~200km) 90.73% Biomass transport ~200 km H2 Refueling station 38% 32.7% WTT CO2 equivalent emissions- 720 g/km WTT energy consumed- 11 MJ/kWh Total= 12.4% TTW CO2 equivalent emissions- 914 g/km TTW energy consumed MJ/kWh Total CO2 equivalent emissions g/km Total Energy Consumed MJ/KWh (79.63 MJ/Km)

10 Centralized Steam Methane Reforming Well-to-Tank NG Recovery ~95.9% Steam Reforming 71.4% H2 Refueling station Pump-to-Wheels 38% Pipeline Transport ~2000km Compression and Transportation (~200km) 90.73% 46% = 17.5% WTT CO2 equivalent emissions g/km WTT energy consumed-7.75 MJ/kWh TTW CO2e emissions- 914 g/km TTW Energy consumed MJ/kWh Total CO2 equivalent emissions g/km Total Energy Consumed MJ/KWh (59.10 MJ/Km)

11 Centralized Methanol Reforming Well-to-Tank Coal Mining ~99.3% ~35% Coal to Methanol Production 58% ~95% Methanol Reforming 73% H2 Compression & Transportation (~200km) 90.73% Pump-to-Wheels 38% ~65% ~5% Coal transport ~500 km Methanol transport to Central H2 plant ~1000 km H2 Refueling station 33% Total = 12.5% WTT CO2 equivalent emissions g/km WTT energy consumed- 11 MJ/kWh TTW CO2 equivalent emissions- 914 g/km TTW energy consumed MJ/kWh Total CO2 equivalent emissions g/km Total Energy Consumed MJ/KWh (79.63 MJ/Km)

12 Electrolysis using SOEC Well-to-Tank NG* from Bombay High SOEC electrolysis 85% H2 Refueling station Pump-to-Wheels 38% Distributed Grid Electricity Compression and Transportation (~200km) 90.73% * NG is used as a boiler fuel for producing steam 37% WTT CO2 equivalent emissions g/km WTT energy consumed MJ/kWh Total = 14% TTW CO2 equivalent emissions- 914 g/km TTW energy consumed MJ/kWh Total CO2 equivalent emissions g/km Total Energy Consumed MJ/KWh (70.78 MJ/Km)

13 Electricity Well-to-Tank Transmission 78% AC/DC 95% 75% Generation 33% 24% WTT CO2 equivalent emissions g/km WTT energy consumed MJ/kWh Charging station Pump-to-Wheels 75% = 18% TTW CO2 equivalent emissions g/km TTW energy consumed-11.9 MJ/kWh Total CO2 equivalent emissions g/km Total Energy Consumed 27.6 MJ/KWh (85.36 MJ/Km) Total CO2 equivalent emissions (March 2027) g/km Total Energy Consumption (March 2027) MJ/KWh

14 HYDROGEN PATHWAYS CONVENTIONAL PATHWAYS CO 2 Emissions from different Pathways Grid-Projected Grid CNG Diesel WTP TTW Gasoline SOEC Petcoke Gas Biomass Gas Coal Gas Methanol Reforming SMR CO2 emissions= 70% less And 57% less w.r.t projected grid electricity CO 2 emissions (g/km)

15 HYDROGEN PATHWAYS CONVENTIONAL PATHWAYS Energy Consumption A Realistic Comparison Grid CNG Diesel WTP TTW Gasoline SOEC Petcoke Gas Biomass Gas Coal Gas Methanol Reforming SMR Energy consumption = 2% Energy Consumed (MJ/ kwh)

16 PATHWAYS Overall Efficiency Comparison HYDROGEN PATHWAYS CONVENTIONAL Grid CNG Diesel Gasoline SOEC Petcoke Gas Biomass Gas Coal Gas Methanol Reforming SMR 13.10% 13.10% 14.70% 13.20% 12.20% 13.10% 10.90% 13.10% 10.90% 14.60% 0.00% 2.00% 4.00% 6.00% 8.00% 10.00% 12.00% 14.00% 16.00%

17 Comparison of Key Criteria Emissions CO (g/km) Nox (g/km) Grid-Projected (2027) Grid Hydrogen-SMR with Hydrogen-SMR Grid-Projected (2027) Grid Hydrogen-SMR with Hydrogen-SMR PM (g/km) Grid-Projected (2027) Grid Hydrogen-SMR with electricity from NG Hydrogen-SMR

18 SUMMARY Energy conundrum can only be solved by evolving multiple strategies Geographical influence is the key to decide technological choices Interim measures shall be explored till renewable energy becomes a reality Biomass and SMR routes produce least CO2 emissions Current pie of power production dominated by coal inhibits the use of BEVs not a preferred route to reduce CO2 emissions On energy basis, SMR based H2 in fuel cells is 2% lower than BEV based on grid electricity The overall efficiency of SMR based hydrogen solution is more as compared to any other pathway Let s come out of Carbon imperialism and customize our solutions for a larger objective

19 Thank You