Environmental Role of Wetlands in Headwaters

Transcription

1 Environmental Role of Wetlands in Headwaters

2 NATO Science Series A Series presenting the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Science Programme. The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Kluwer Academic Publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division Sub-Series I. Life and Behavioural Sciences IOS Press II. Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry III. Computer and Systems Science Springer IOS Press IV. Earth and Environmental Sciences Springer The NATO Science Series continues the series of books published formerly as the NATO ASI Series. The NATO Science Programme offers support for collaboration in civil science between scientists of countries of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. The types of scientific meeting generally supported are Advanced Study Institutes and Advanced Research Workshops, and the NATO Science Series collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are co-organized bij scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO s Partner countries countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe. Advanced Study Institutes are high-level tutorial courses offering in-depth study of latest advances in a field. Advanced Research Workshops are expert meetings aimed at critical assessment of a field, and identification of directions for future action. As a consequence of the restructuring of the NATO Science Programme in 1999, the NATO Science Series was re-organized to the four sub-series noted above. Please consult the following web sites for information on previous volumes published in the Series Series IV: Earth and Environmental Series Vol. 63

3 Environmental Role of Wetlands in Headwaters edited by Josef Krecek Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic and Martin Haigh Oxford Brookes University, U.K. Published in cooperation with NATO Public Diplomacy Division

4 Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on The Environmental Role of Wetlands Marienbad, Czech Republic November 2003 A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN (PB) ISBN (PB) ISBN (HB) ISBN (HB) ISBN (e-book) ISBN (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved 2006 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work Printed in the Netherlands.

5 CONTENTS Preface HEADWATER WETLANDS J. Krecek and M. J. Haigh MAPPING WETLANDS IN EUROPEAN HEADWATER AREAS M. L. Paracchini and J.V. Vogt THE ROLE OF FOREST ON THE HYDROLOGY OF HEADWATER WETLANDS Y. Fukushima ROLE OF GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMS IN PROTECTION OF FORESTED WETLANDS J. Krecek, Z. Horicka and J. Novakova Retracted: THE EFFECT OF PEAT LAND DRAINAGE AND AFFORESTATION ON RUNOFF DYNAMICS: Consequences on Floods in the Glomma River* E. Beheim IMPACT OF HERBACEOUS VEGETATION ON RECOVERY OF A HARVESTED HEADWATER CATCHMENT J. Novakova and J. Krecek LEACHING OF NITROGEN FROM UPLAND FOREST- REGENERATION SITES INTO WETLAND AREAS E. Kubin HYDROLOGY OF DISTURBED PEAT-LAND, HEADS OF THE VALLEYS, WALES M. Haigh and M. P. Kilmartin ix *Please see Erratum after page 338.

6 vi Contents ESTIMATION OF WATER BUDGET IN THE FORESTED PEAT- LANDS OF WESTERN IRELAND R. Chandran, J.F. Collins and T. Cummins 107 ROLE OF THE PLANKTONIC COMUNITIES IN THE REGULATION AND INDICATION OF EUTROFICATION PROCESSES IN SHALLOW MOUNTAIN WETLANDS I. Traykov, M. Asenova, D. Slavova and B. Boyanovsky NEW WETLAND FORMATION IN SUBSIDENCE HOLLOWS OF WESTERN DONBASS, UKRAINE I. M. Loza and N.N. Nazarenko INTEGRATING WETLANDS INTO WATERSHED MANAGEMENT: Effectiveness of Constructed Wetlands to Reduce Impacts from Urban Stormwater J. Brydon, M.C. Roa, S.J. Brown and H. Schreier DISASTERS AND CLIMATE CHANGE - THEIR RELATION WITH WETLAND HEADWATERS A. Ho evar, L. Kajfež-Bogataj and Z. repinšek THE ALLEGHE LAKE (DOLOMITES, ITALY): Environmental Role and Sediment Management L. Marchi, F. Michieli and G.M. Zuppi ALPINE WETLANDS FROM ECOLOGICAL NETWORK TO 173 LAND-BASED RISK PREVENTION: The Case of Pian Di Spagna, Italy A. Valentinelli HEADWATER RESOURCES AND HEADWATER HAZARDS: PERSPECTIVES FROM ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION Case Study Galtür, Austria A. M. Hama, A. Sansone, M. Seitz and J. Stötter 181

7 Contents HYDROLOGY OF WETLANDS IN THE HEADWATERS OF GREAT AFRICAN RIVERS J. Balek HEADWATER WETLANDS IN EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA The Evolving Debate A. Wood ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF HEADWATER WETLANDS: Experience from Western Ethiopia A. Wood THE LAKE KINNERET DRAINAGE BASIN: Headwater Discharges, Hydrology and Nutrient Dynamics in the Hula Valley Wetland M. Gophen ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN HEADWATER PEAT WETLANDS, UK. M. Haigh ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF HEADWATER WETLANDS IN HUNGARY A. Kertesz, M. Csutak and J. Tardy HEADWATER WETLANDS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC J. Krecek ANALYSIS OF THE WATER BALANCE OF SMALL PÁRAMO CATCHMENTS IN SOUTH ECUADOR W. Buytaert, V. Iñiguez, R. Celleri, B. De Bièvre, G. Wyseure and J. Deckers vii

8 viii SUMMARY REPORTS: Wetlands in Slovakia, Poland, Belarus, Slovenia and Canada S. Markova, A. Ho evar, K. Haponiuk-Winiczenko, N. Zeliankevich, I. Berniakovich and G. Peter Kershaw HEADWATER AND WETLAND PROTECTION: The Italian Legal Framework A. Valentinelli NEXT GENERATION OF WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES: Objectives and Expected Results M. Achouri CONCLUSION WETLANDS IN CONTEXT M. Haigh and J. Krecek Erratum Contents E1 List of Contributors 339 Index 347

9 PREFACE The NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) on the Environmental Role of Wetlands, the second NATO ARW organised under the umbrella of the International Association for Headwater Control (IAHC), arose from the Nairobi Declaration for the International year of Freshwaters. This was an outcome from the Fifth International Conference on Headwater Control, which was promoted by the United Nations University with five other UN Agencies and a cluster of NGOs including the IAHC and World Association for Soil and Water Conservation. Sincere thanks go to all involved. The Declaration responded to concerns about water supply and declining river flow in Africa and to wider concerns that the role of wetland areas, especially those in upstream areas, had been neither fully explored nor appreciated. It argued that the significance of these headwater wetlands needed more systematic examination and advocated a special workshop to focus on the role of headwater wetlands in their contexts, both biophysical and socio-economic. In fulfilment of this direction, this publication offers a multi-disciplinary, multi-functional overview of the role played by, and management problems associated with, wetlands in headwater areas. It also examines their place in future strategies of integrated watershed management. The organisers and participants of this workshop send their deep thanks and appreciation to the NATO Science Division for helping the headwater control movement achieve this goal. Thanks go also for their patient facilitation of this exploration of wetlands in context, especially their helpful support during the development, financing and delivery of this event. Sincere thanks are also due to the IAHC for their tireless engagement with the logistics of fielding the workshop and enabling participant travel and liaison with our kind hosts in the City of Marienbad and its excellent Park Hotel Golf. The IAHC support of the preparation of these proceedings is also warmly acknowledged, especially the editorial contributions of David Hardekopf. We hope that this book, the outcome of this work, the first that strives to understand wetlands in their headwater contexts, will support the sustainable management and development of watersheds around the world. Martin Haigh and Josef Krecek Teplice, April ix