CCAP CENTER FOR CLEAN AIR POLICY A M AT R I X O F TRANSIT ORIENTED WHITE PAPER: Dialogue. I nsight. Solutions.

Transcription

1 WHITE PAPER: A M AT R I X O F P OT E N T I A L P O L I C Y TO O L S F O R TRANSIT ORIENTED D E V E LO P M E N T I N CO LO M B I A WRIT TEN BY: Chuck Kshian and Steve Winkelman S E P T E M B E R 2018 CCAP CENTER FOR CLEAN AIR POLICY Dialgue. I nsight. Slutins.

2 Matrix f Ptential Plicy Tls fr Transit Oriented Develpment in Clmbia Authrs: Chuck Kshian and Steve Winkelman September 2018 CCAP September 2018

3 Cntents Intrductin... 3 Grwing Wealthier Matrix: Ecnmic Benefits f Smart Grwth and TOD... 4 Organizing Principles fr TOD Plicy... 5 Elements f TOD Neighburhds... 5 Categries f Gvernment Actins... 5 Levels f Gvernment Respnsibility... 6 Matrix f Ptential TOD Plicy Tls... 7 Next Steps The fllwing dcument was develped as input t infrm TOD replicatin plicies fr the Clmbia TOD NAMA Supprt Prject funded by Germany and the UK thrugh the NAMA Facility. Nte that these are ptential tls that will require further assessment and d nt represent plicy recmmendatins. CCAP serves as the Delivery Organizatin fr the NAMA. CIUDAT, a center fr sustainable urban develpment within Clmbia s natinal develpment bank, FINDETER, is the NAMA implementing entity. CIUDAT prvides cities with technical and financial assistance n TOD implementatin and serves a plicy advisry rle t ensure replicatin f TOD acrss Clmbian cites. CIUDAT is pursuing a cmprehensive Mnitring & Evaluatin strategy t track implementatin prgress, imprve perfrmance and establish the capacity t assess lng-term impacts. CCAP September

4 Intrductin The cre cncept f transit-riented develpment (TOD) is t cmbine residential, retail and cmmercial land uses with public pen space near public transit statins. A TOD allws peple direct access t transit and t live, wrk, play and shp in a pedestrian-friendly envirnment. TOD principles prmte cmpact develpment, mixed-uses and enhanced aut, pedestrian and bicycle cnnectins. Mst TODs are lcated within meters frm a transit statin r stp. Frm the perspective f transit agencies and gvernment, TODs are a prven way t achieve utcmes such as: Increase transit ridership Reduce traffic cngestin (and expsure t it) Reduce envirnmental pllutin including greenhuse gases (GHGs) Reduce the demand fr il Enhance tax revenue frm increased land value and intensified develpment Reduce infrastructure csts TOD and metrplitan smart grwth strategies yield multiple scial, ecnmic and envirnmental benefits t a variety f stakehlders. CCAP's 2011 bk, Grwing Wealthier: Smart Grwth, Climate Change and Prsperity, present evidence n hw applicatin f smart grwth principles can imprve the bttm line fr businesses, husehlds and gvernments by increasing prperty values, cutting fuel and infrastructure csts, creating jbs, enhancing public health and strengthening cmmunities. CCAP September

5 Grwing Wealthier Matrix: Ecnmic Benefits f Smart Grwth and TOD Gvernment plicy is an imprtant part f creating a supprtive envirnment fr Transit Oriented Develpment. When develping a strategy fr plicy interventin t supprt TOD it is imprtant t include a variety f tls that cmplement each ther and tgether ffer the pssibility f affecting all elements f TOD. It is als imprtant t cnsider the strengths and weaknesses f gvernment and plitical pwer within the specific cntext being cnsidered. CCAP September

6 Organizing Principles fr TOD Plicy The wide range f ptential plicy interventins can be rganized int a few key themes by cnsidering 1) the elements f TOD that the plicy is fcusing upn, 2) the type f interventin actin and 3) the level f gvernment at which it is implemented. The scheme described belw is fairly general: althugh gvernment agencies and prcesses specific t Clmbia are named, the structure and plicy ptins can be translated t ther cuntries withut t much difficulty. Elements f TOD Neighburhds Effective TOD areas share a mix f elements, each f which cntributes t the perfrmance f the neighburhd with respect t the utcmes listed abve. These key elements are ften listed as the D characteristics, since a wrd starting with D can be used as shrthand fr each cncept. Since the gal f plicy change is t prmte develpment with these D characteristics, it is imprtant t recgnize each element as a part f the verall cncept f TOD. Density maximize density clse t public transprt and transitin away frm statins Diversity a mix f husing types, uses, tenures, sizes, price pints alng with retail, leisure and emplyment pprtunities Design standards and designs that ensure walkability and bikeability, while prmting a sense f place Destinatins accessibility t ther imprtant places via public transprt crridrs Distance small blck size, fine grained sidewalk and bike path netwrk grids Demand Management regulatry r pricing plicies that discurage parking and driving Categries f Gvernment Actins Gvernment actins t achieve certain gals, bradly termed plicy, can actually be brken dwn int a number f categries. Brad strategies are ften a cmbinatin f actins frm ne r mre f the fllwing areas. Planning and grwth plicy Mapping, determining and describing future gals fr the built envirnment, including technical capacity building, stakehlder engagement and cmmunicatin. Public investment and budget spending public mney t build infrastructure r fund peratins, including institutins. Incentives and disincentives fr private investment Regulatry and fiscal measures that make certain chices preferable t thers, while still allwing flexibility. Regulatins nn-flexible gvernment rules with punitive sanctins fr vilatrs. CCAP September

7 Levels f Gvernment Respnsibility Gvernment perates at different gegraphic levels, with respnsibility fr different aspects f urban develpment and subsequently the ability t mbilize different plicy tls. In Clmbia, we cnsider tw levels, althugh it is als pssible t develp a mre detailed breakdwn f respnsibilities. Natinal level Presidencia, Ministries and Departments, CONPES, CONFIS respnsible fr natinwide develpment plicies and supprting large investments in critical infrastructure Department and Lcal level Gvernrs, City mayrs and cuncils and state and lcal secretariats respnsible fr lcal land use, transprt and develpment plicies and lcal infrastructure planning, cnstructin and maintenance CCAP September

8 Matrix f Ptential TOD Plicy Tls Organized by categry, respnsible gvernment level (Natinal, Lcal) and affected TOD elements Categries f Actin Planning and plicy actins Natinal Ministries DNP Mdify urban planning requirements t include mbility as a guiding principle (Density, destinatins, distance) Update urban develpment plans at least every few years with perfrmance targets fr density, land use diversity, transit service, destinatin accessibility, range f husing types and ther criteria. (Density, diversity, destinatins) Peripheral land management n the city utskirts by establishing a land expansin cntainment plicy that takes int accunt mbility as a structural basis f urban space and prmtes TOD. (Density, destinatins) Ensure that land use plans designate mixed-use TOD centers and ther activity grwth areas that supprt natinal and reginal transit plans. (Diversity, destinatins) Develp guidance fr cities t designate Pririty Develpment Areas that adhere t TOD principles (Density, design, destinatins, distance) Establish lcal gvernment capacity building prgram; training and assistance in reviewing sustainable develpment prpsals (Density, diversity, design, distance) Establish lcal gvernment Departaments y Ciudades Planning Ensure land use plicies prmte TOD and cmpact shape including (Density, diversity, destinatins, distance) POT, reginal, city and neighburhd plans zning, frm based r Euclidian mixed use plicies density requirements/allwances transfer f develpment rights TOD standards Designate Pririty Develpment Areas that adhere t TOD principles (Density, design, destinatins, distance) Transprt Ensure parking plicies d nt encurage excessive parking (Design, demand management) maximum and minimum requirements per square metre cnsider fees prmtin f parking garages Set Rad, Transit and NMT investment plicies (Design, destinatins, demand management) VMT vs level f service impact transit access and service level NMT infrastructure requirements CCAP September

9 Categries f Actin Natinal Ministries capacity building prgram; training and assistance in reviewing sustainable develpment prpsals (Density, diversity, design, distance) Transprte Redirect additinal funding t public and nn-mtrized transprt (Design, destinatins) Establish funding criteria t fund nly mass transit that meets internatinal quality standards and/r perates n a Transit-Oriented Develpment strategy (Design, destinatins) Ensure mass transprt access t gvernment facilities such as airprts, schls, etc. (Destinatins) Vivienda Mdify natinal husing plicy t include lcatin criteria. (Density, diversity, destinatins) Mrtgages granted by gvernment agencies shuld take int accunt tw factrs: transprtatin csts and accessibility t husing develpments. Bridge lans fr the cnstructin f husing develpments shuld require lcatin and accessibility criteria in rder t prevent urban sprawl. Encurage develpments t include a mix f high and middle incme husing, including rentals, and reward such a mix with federal grants. Encurage mix f husing Departaments y Ciudades PPP rules and prcesses BRT Standards Public Wrks Ensure infrastructure plicies prmte sustainability, resilience and TOD (Density, design, distance) utility infrastructure capacity t supprt density green infrastructure and resilience planning renewable energy Husing Ensure husing plicies prmte sustainability, resilience and TOD (Diversity, destinatins) Lcatin f scial husing near transit mixing levels f husing arund transit CCAP September

10 Categries f Actin Natinal Ministries wnership and rentals in cities. (Diversity) MADS Develp natinal M&E standards fr GHG and TOD (Density, diversity, design, destinatins, distance, demand management) Establish evaluatin prtcls t mnitr prgress and utcmes. Begin data cllectin prgram fr mnitring and reprting f key criteria. Hacienda Prgram funding t prmte sustainable urban mbility and Transit-Oriented Develpment (Design, destinatins) Departaments y Ciudades Public investment and budget actins Transprte Priritize and implement TOD in cnjunctin with transit prjects t increase ridership and farebx recvery (Design, destinatins) Vivienda Priritize and implement TODsupprting husing prjects arund transit statins (Density, diversity, design) MADS Begin data cllectin prgram fr mnitring and reprting f key criteria. (Density, diversity, design, destinatins, distance, demand management) Public Wrks Identify and implement pilt prjects n transprtatin, husing r ecnmic develpment that are in preferred areas r supprt natinal transit initiatives (Density, diversity, design, destinatins) Begin t implement new utility plans t supprt TOD. (Density, design, destinatins, distance) Priritize wet and dry infrastructure imprvements within designated TOD fcused Pririty Develpment Areas. Delay imprvements in nn-preferred areas far frm existing develpment. (Density, design, destinatins, distance) Equipamients. Cnstruct parks, civic buildings, schls and ther amenities in TOD fcused Pririty CCAP September

11 Categries f Actin Incentives and disincentives fr private investment Regulatins Natinal Ministries Hacienda Link federal transprt and husing funding t lcal gvernments planning effrts and prgram requirements (Density, diversity, design, destinatins, distance, demand management) Creatin f institutins respnsible fr urban planning and mbility Updating Metrplitan transprtatin and POTs Urban develpment plans linked t transprtatin plans Obras Públicas (and all Ministries) Priritize infrastructure investments in Pririty Develpment Areas that adhere t TOD principles Transprte Prmte PPPs fr transit riented develpment (Density, diversity, design) Jint develpment ventures Leasing schemes arund statins Hacienda Cnsider tax incentives fr TOD (Density, diversity, design, destinatins, distance) MADS If Envirnmental Impact dcuments required, include impacts f urban expansin and traffic cngestin (Density, Departaments y Ciudades Develpment Areas befre ther areas. (Density, diversity, design) Transprt Begin cnstructing transprt infrastructure t supprt TOD. (Design, destinatins) Budget Ensure tax plicies and fees supprt TOD and infrastructure (Density, diversity, design) value capture prgram tax incentives Levee impact fees n develpment in nn-preferred areas if infrastructure cannt be withheld entirely. (Density, destinatins) Establish lcal funding prgrams t supprt prperty wners Pririty Develpment Areas Example: Sidewalk repairs, façade imprvements, landscaping. (Diversity, design) Set an urban grwth bundary, cntiguity requirements and infrastructure cncurrency requirements (Density, destinatins) CCAP September

12 Categries f Actin Natinal Ministries demand management) Hacienda Regulate sale f public lands t cnfrm t urban develpment plans (Density) Departaments y Ciudades Establish initial r updated zning, subdivisin and building cdes (Density, design, distance) Align annexatin and infrastructure extensin plicies with cmprehensive plan grwth expectatins (Density, destinatins, distance) Ensure urban design standards prmte walkability and sense f place (Design, distance) pedestrian design standards pen spaces and public buildings shade sidewalk width setbacks Transprt Ensure parking regulatins d nt encurage excessive parking (Demand management) maximum and minimum requirements per square metre cnsider fees prmtin f parking garages Review r mdify transprtatin perfrmance standards t supprt transit and nn-mtrized levels f service. (Demand management) Budget Cnsider requiring tax burden analysis r fiscal impact analysis as part f large develpment plans. (Density, distance) CCAP September

13 Next Steps Technical experts at CIUDAT (Centr para Intervencines Urbanas de Desarrll Avanzad al Transprte, hused within FINDETER) are currently cnducting plicy analyses and develping a TOD plicy rad map t advance replicatin f TOD acrss Clmbian cities. CIUDAT is als develping recmmendatins fr harmnizatin f plicies acrss natinal ministries t advance natinal plicy gals n urban transprtatin, husing, envirnment, ecnmic develpment and scial equity. CCAP September

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