Life cycle analysis and overall GHG emissions saved by biogas

Transcription

1 Life cycle analysis and overall GHG emissions saved by biogas Jaqueline Daniel-Gromke, Stefan Majer EBA Workshop on Sustainability of biogas 29 th of April 2014, Renewable Energy House, Brussels

2 Short introduction - DBFZ Non-profit research institute, founded by the Federal Ministry of food, agriculture and consumer protection in 2008 Approx. 220 employees Main focus on biomass conversion technologies, applied R&D Decision support and strategy development for policy, industry e.g. 2

3 Content Status Quo: Biogas Production in Germany LCA - Approach GHG Emissions of AD Plants Mitigation Potentials /Outlook 3

4 Status quo Biogas Production in Germany 4

5 Biogas plants in Germany Biogas plant Number Forecast end of the year 2013*: ~7.750 plants with on-site power generation, installed capacity of ~ MWel Source: DBFZ, 2014 additional: more than 130 biogas upgrading plants in operation (2/2014) 5

6 Electricity Production of Biogas in Germany *forecast 2/3 of Electricity production of biomass results from biogas/biomethane in Germany Development of biogas plants with upgrading technologies to biomethane (Amount and Capacity), (DBFZ, 2/2014) 6

7 Approach of LCA 7

8 Introduction Life cycle assessment Basic idea of the LCA methodology: The quantification of environmental impacts of product system throughout its life cycle Standardized in ISO & 14044, Guidance in ILCD handbooks Ensures that an LCA is completed in a certain way. What can be done with LCA? 1. Product or project development and improvement 2. Strategic planning 3. Public policy making 4. Marketing and eco-declarations available at 8

9 Basic approach of a LCA e.g.: Definition of system boundaries, Definition of functional unit, Allocation methodology Goal and scope definition e.g.: Calculation of In- and output streams referring to the functional unit e.g.: Characterization of the different calculated emissions, Conversion, Weighting of impact categories? e.g.: Framework of LCA Inventory analysis Impact assessment Source: DIN EN ISO Interpretation What can we learn from the result? What are critical parameters? 9

10 LCA impact categories (examples) IMPACT Primary energy demand Global warming effect Acidification Eutrophication Photo / summer smog Ozone layer depletion INDICATOR CHARACTERISTICS Depletion of resources, focus on non-renewable sources (e.g. coal, natural gas, mineral oil, uran) Warming of global atmosphere due to anthropogenic climate relevant gases; most important green house gas emissions: CO 2 and it equivalents CH 4 (25 CO 2eq ), N 2 O (298 CO 2eq ) Shift of acid balance in soil and water through acid forming gases: SO 2 and its equivalents, e.g. NO x, NH 3, HCl Nutrient cycles in soil and water through PO 4 3- and its equivalents NO x, NH 3 Forming of photo oxdidates (e.g. ozone) in atmosphere through interaction of sun radiation, NOx and CFC Destruction of ozone layer in the stratosphere by e.g. CFC, N 2 O Human toxicity Human toxic impact of fine dust (PM10) in the air due to e.g. NO x, CFC, NH 3, SO 2 10

11 LCA - Conclusions LCA is a powerful tool to assess the environmental impacts of products and services Different LCA uses and underlying questions can lead to different assumptions, complexity and methods If comparing results with other studies, all assumptions and methods should be consistent 11

12 Emissions from AD plants 12

13 Emission Research Objectives of Projects Analysis and Quantification of the emissions during the biogas production and utilization process based on gewitra emission measurements Focus on typical Gases (CH 4, N 2 O, NH 3 ) and co-generation unit exhaust gas (NO x and SO 2 ) in order to determine greenhouse gas emissions Evaluation and update of existing LCA Method development for emission measurements Projects with support of - Agency for Renewable Resources (FNR) : agricultural AD plants ( ) - Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) : bio-waste AD plants ( )

14 Investigated AD Plants Focus on GHG- Emissions AD plants - Agriculture 9 x continuous operation 1 x Batch fermentation Mesophilic und thermophilic operation Single-stage and multistage CHP installed capacity average of 560 kw el 2 x Biogas upgrading to biomethane In total: 10 biogas plants AD plants based on biowaste 4x wet fermentation, continuous operation 5 x dry fermentation, continuous operation 3 x dry fermentation, batch system Mesophilic and thermophilic operation, single-stage CHP installed capacity average of 600 kwel In total: 12 biogas plants, combined with composting 14

15 GHG-Balances: Results of GHG-Emissions from agricultural biogas plants (normal operation) BGA 5 storage of active material (batch) Quelle: Liebetrau et al.: Emissionsanalyse und Quantifizierung von Stoffflüssen durch Biogasanlagen im Hinblick auf die ökologische Bewertung der landwirtschaftlichen Biogasgewinnung und Inventarisierung der deutschen Landwirtschaft. FNR e.v., FKZ: , 2011 BGA 4: without emissions from digestate storage tank 16

16 Scenario: GHG-Balance agricultural AD plants Germany Estimation of GHG emissions of all AD plants in Germany based on a comprehensive data basis of all biogas plants in combination with the evaluation of the applied technology 1) Scenario I: Biogas plant (CHP) 2) Scenario II: Biogas upgrading to biomethane (CHP) Quelle: Liebetrau et al.: Emissionsanalyse und Quantifizierung von Stoffflüssen durch Biogasanlagen im Hinblick auf die ökologische Bewertung der landwirtschaftlichen Biogasgewinnung und Inventarisierung der deutschen Landwirtschaft. FNR e.v., FKZ: ,

17 Gas emission sources on biogas plants Off gas from biogas fired CHP or gas upgrading units methane slip, acid and toxic gas emissions Open/not gastight covered digestate storage tanks methane, ammonia, nitrous oxide Leakages on biogas-bearing plant components methane, hydrogen sulphide Pressure relief vents methane, hydrogen sulphide 18

18 AD Biowaste Results of GHG Emissions Quelle: Liebetrau et al.: Analyse von Emissionen klimarelevanter Gase durch Biogasanlagen im Hinblick auf die ökologische Bewertung der Biogasgewinnung aus Abfällen. FKZ-Nr.: 03KB027, BMU,

19 AD Biowaste Results of GHG Emissions II GHG Emissions related to input biowaste in kg CO 2- eq /Mg biowaste With plant emissions and credits Quelle: Liebetrau et al.: Analyse von Emissionen klimarelevanter Gase durch Biogasanlagen im Hinblick auf die ökologische Bewertung der Biogasgewinnung aus Abfällen. FKZ-Nr.: 03KB027, BMU,

20 AD Biowaste Results of GHG Emissions III GHG Emissions related to electricity in g CO 2 -eq /kwhel Electricity mix Germany Quelle: Liebetrau et al.: Analyse von Emissionen klimarelevanter Gase durch Biogasanlagen im Hinblick auf die ökologische Bewertung der Biogasgewinnung aus Abfällen. FKZ-Nr.: 03KB027, BMU,

21 GHG-Emissions - Conclusions Due to the different plant concepts the results show a wide range The operation of the plant determines the amount of emissions essentially, not the kind of fermentation technology Energy production from biogas can contribute significantly to reduce greenhouse gases, when the potential to optimize the technology and operation of the plant are recognized and used Amount of GHG emissions in total depend on plant emissions as well as credits for heat, fertilizer, manure finally from methodology of LCA (e.g. data base, reference systems) Nevertheless, measurements represent a date Influence of temperature, wind, pressure, level of storage tanks are not considered

22 Emission measurements leakage detection Further R&D of DBFZ - Development of measurement methodology (method comparison) - Emission measurements of diffuse emission sources - infrared camera for online visualization of methane emissions / Methane laser 23

23 Potentials for Reduction of GHG Emissions Implementation of defined technical standards o Gas-tight digestate storages with exhaust gas collection facility o Maximization of degradation of organic compounds (e.g. long retention time) o Stationary gas torch/alternative gas utilization application o Relief pressure valve/meter to monitor frequency and duration of pressure relief o CHP and upgrading technologies with post-combustion facility o biowaste plants with composting process: small compost heaps, moved frequently, intense aeration, use sufficient structural material o Installation of (acid) scrubbers before bio-filter treatment (biowaste plants) o Process measuring and control technology (gas flow meter, filling level measurement) o Detection and control of gas leakage 24

24 Mitigation of GHG Emission Comparison of Utilization Pathways GHG-Mitigation in gco2-eq/kwh Biomethane Reference 1: Electricity: coal, heat: mix natural gas / heat pump A A Legende CHP B B Energy crops/manure Bio-waste Reference 2: Electricity mix Heat: natural gas/fuel oil B B Reference 3: heat: mix natural gas / heat pump A A Heat A: base case with external energy supply B B Reference 4: Heat mix; natural gas/ fuel oil B: internal energy supply & emission reduced operation B B Fossil Reference according to Biofuel Sustainability Ordinance (Biokraft-NachV) A A Transportation fuel B B Quelle: modifiziert nach Majer et al: Ergebnisse von Modellbiogasanlagen zur ökologischen Bewertung von Biogas/Biomethan, Studie im Auftrag des Biogasrates e.v.,

25 Outlook 26

26 Outlook Qualitative than quantitative growth of technology Optimisation of processes with regard to: o Emission reductions o Development of innovative substrate (pre-) conditioning processes o Research on and provision of new/alternative substrates o Increasing plant efficiency and operation security o Further improvement of process measuring and control technology o Utilization of biogas for balancing power/flexible plant operation concepts 27

27 Research for the energy of the future! Contact: Jaqueline Daniel-Gromke Department Biochemical Conversion Team leader system optimisation Tel. +49(0) DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH Torgauer Straße 116 D Leipzig Tel.: +49 (0)