ADAPTIVE FACADE SYSTEM BASED ON PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS

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ADAPTIVE FACADE SYSTEM BASED ON PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS MSc Thesis 2016-2017 TU Delft - Faculty of Architecture - MSc Building Technology

1 ADAPTIVE FACADE SYSTEM BASED ON PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS MSc Thesis TU Delft - Faculty of Architecture - MSc Building Technology Maria Alexiou _ Mentors: Main supervisor: dr.ir. MSc.Arch Michela Turrin dr.ir.arch. M.J. (Martin) Tenpierik dr.ing. Marcel Bilow

2 PROBLEM STATEMENT RESEARCH QUESTION RESTRICTIONS GEOGRAPHICAL ATH AMS STUDY CASE FUNCTIONAL Libraries/Office Buildings PARTIAL Facades TU Delft Library/ silent room RESEARCH AIM OBJECTIVES natural ventilation strategies optimal facade performance the optimal thickness of the PCM energy efficient melting temperature optimal ratio pcm to glazing different PCM combination Facade design based on PCMs 1 AIM design guidelines for the facade engineers that plan to integrate PCMs in facades

3 PROBLEM STATEMENT Building Level Mechanical heating Mechanical cooling High energy consumption Libraries Heat Storage Cost Climare responsiveness Flexibility? Double skin facade Facade Level Double skin facade based on PCMs?

4 ? What should be the design of an adaptive façade system based on PCMs and how should it respond to different climate conditions so as to provide thermal comfort in the indoor space of libraries whilst minimising the energy use for heating, cooling and lighting? Design Climate responsiveness Thermal Comfort Energy efficiency

5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY LITERATURE REVIEW DESIGN STRATEGIES/ BOUNDARY CONDITIONS HAND CALCULATIONS WEATHER DATA ANALYSIS COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN ENERGY SIMULATIONS THE EXPERIMENT FACADE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CONSTRUCTION DESIGNER S MANUAL CONCLUSIONS

6 PHASE TRANSITION FOR ICE ENERGY IN ENERGY OUT THERMAL CYCLE PCM based product /GLASS X SOLID STATE PCMs LIQUID STATE

7 REDUCE THE THICKNESS OF THERMAL 1 CREATION OF LIGHTWEIGHT STRUCTURES WITH HIGH THERMAL MASS REDUCE TEMPERATURE PEAKS 2 ENERGY SAVINGS FOR COOLING SYSTEMS PCMs ++ 3 SHIFT TEMPERATURE PEAKS ENERGY SAVINGS FOR HEATING SYSTEMS

8 FACADE LEVEL SALT HYDRATES SELECTION CRITERIA CONDUCTIVE COST EFFECTIVE STABLE CYCLE LOW VOLUME CHANGE NON FLAMMABLE NON TOXIC cost effective non- flammable small volume alteration in the phase change 0-95 o C melting temperature range

9 CLIMATE MEDITERRANEAN TEMPERATE RESTRICTIONS GEOGRAPHY BUILDING USE BUILDING COMPONENT GREECE LIBRARIES THE NETHERLANDS FACADE DOUBLE SKIN FACADE

10 OPTICAL CONTACT WITH THE EXTERIOR TYPES OF PANELS PANEL PLACEMENT

11 THERMAL COMFORT C PANELS C B PANELS C A PANELS C B PANELS C C PANELS C B PANELS C B PANELS C A PANELS C A PANELS C

FIRST LOGIC : MODULAR UNITS PER PANEL SECOND LOGIC :

DRAWINGS PERSPECTIVE VIEW AND DRAWINGS 0 A PANELS 12-15

DESIGN CONCEPT 1ST LOGIC EACH MODULE CONTAIN ONE PANEL

central part of each floor Placed in the higher part of

PANELS Each modular unit is composed by PCM panels with

12 FIRST LOGIC : MODULAR UNITS PER PANEL SECOND LOGIC : MODULAR UNITS PER MULTIPLE PANELS PERSPECTIVE VIEW AND DRAWINGS PERSPECTIVE VIEW AND DRAWINGS 0 A PANELS C 0 B PANELS C 0 C PANELS C STACKING LOGIC DESIGN CONCEPT 1ST LOGIC EACH MODULE CONTAIN ONE PANEL Placed in the lower part of each floor Placed in the central part of each floor Placed in the higher part of each floor 2ND LOGIC EACH MODULE CONTAIN MULTIPLE PANELS Each modular unit is composed by PCM panels with the same melting temperature ans is placed on the top of another unit.

13 FACADE DESIGN CHOICE VS

14 CLIMATE ANALYSIS Average daily solar radiation per month (W/m 2 ) Average daily solar radiation per month (W/m 2 ) Amsterdam Autumn Winter Spring Summer Amsterdam Autumn Winter Spring Summer Average high solar radiation per month (W/m 2 ) Amsterdam Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average high solar radiation per month (W/m 2 ) Amsterdam Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Wind speed (m/s) Wind speed (m/s) Amsterdam Autumn Winter Spring Summer Amsterdam Autumn Winter Spring Summer Temperature ( C) Temperature ( C) Amsterdam Mean temperature Average high temperature Autumn Winter Spring Summer Amsterdam Mean temperature Average high temperature Autumn Winter Spring Summer

15 HIGH WIND SPEED MEDIUM SOLAR IRRADIATION AVERAGE TEMPERATURE 14 0 C 3 0 C C 20 0 C POSSIBLE PCM TYPES SP11 SP21 SP25 SP29

16 WEAK WIND SPEED INTENSE SOLAR IRRADIATION AVERAGE TEMPERATURE 14 0 C 3 0 C C 20 0 C POSSIBLE PCM TYPES SP21 SP25 SP29 SP31

17 1.STRUCTURE GENERAL DEFINITION 2.INTERNAL SKIN 3.FACADE PATTERN 4.EXTERNAL SKIN 5.PCM GROUPING 6.MODULAR UNITS 7.GLAZING PERCENTAGE

18 SEGMENT 1(2 FLOORS) SEGMENT 2 (1 FLOOR) STRUCTURE THE WHOLE FACADE

19 FACADE PATTERN

20 INNER FACADE LAYER UNITIZED SYSTEM FRAME WINDOW FRAME LAMELLA WINDOWS

21 ATHENS FACADE SEGMENT 1 FACADE SEGMENT 2 FACADE SEGMENT 1 FACADE SEGMENT 2 FACADE SEGMENT 1 FACADE SEGMENT 2 FACADE SEGMENT 1 FACADE SEGMENT 2 FACADE PATTERN 1 FACADE PATTERN 2 FACADE PATTERN 3 FACADE PATTERN 4 AMSTERDAM FACADE SEGMENT 1 FACADE SEGMENT 2 FACADE SEGMENT 1 FACADE SEGMENT 2 FACADE SEGMENT 1 FACADE SEGMENT 2 FACADE SEGMENT 1 FACADE SEGMENT 2 FACADE PATTERN 1 FACADE PATTERN 2 FACADE PATTERN 3 FACADE PATTERN 4

22 FLOWCHART _ PCM GROUPING PCM GROUPING FLOWCHART _ PCM -GLAZING AREA MEASUREMENTS (example for group A)

23 ATHENS PCM PLACEMENT FACADE SEGMENT 1 SP21 SP25 SP29 or SP31 AMSTERDAM SP11 SP21 SP25 or SP29 FACADE SEGMENT 2 FACADE SEGMENT 1 FACADE SEGMENT 2 FACADE SEGMENT 1 FACADE SEGMENT 2 FACADE SEGMENT 1 FACADE SEGMENT 2

24 ENERGY PERFORMANCE PCM BASED DOUBLE SKIN FACADE VS FULLY GLAZED DOUBLE SKIN FACADE

25 FACADE SEGMENTATION FIRST FLOOR ( 1 THERMAL ZONE:INDOOR SPACE, 6 THERMAL ZONES : DOUBLE SKIN FACADE ACTUAL PATTERN FACADE SEGMENT 1 FACADE SEGMENT 2 GROUND FLOOR ( 2 THERMAL ZONE:INDOOR SPACE, 6 THER- MAL ZONES : DOUBLE SKIN FACADE SET UP PATTERN TRANSLATED TO WINDOW TO WALL RATIO

26 AMSTERDAM BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 50% Glazing % Glazing 21 0 C 30% Glazing 20% Glazing

27 ATHENS BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 50% Glazing 20 40% Glazing 21 & 25 0 C 30% Glazing 20% Glazing

PATTERN FACADE SEGMENT 1 PATTERN FACADE SEGMENT 2 INPUT DATA IMPORTANT POINTS PROPOSED DESIGN Column1 Column2 INPUT DATA PATTERN 3

90% TOTAL PERCENTAGE C PANELS 26.55% GLAZING PERCENTAGE A PANELS 10% GLAZING PERCENTAGE B PANELS 21.

30% TOTAL PERCENTAGE C PANELS 33.30% GLAZING PERCENTAGE A PANELS 15.00% GLAZING PERCENTAGE B PANELS 20.

28 PATTERN FACADE SEGMENT 1 PATTERN FACADE SEGMENT 2 INPUT DATA IMPORTANT POINTS PROPOSED DESIGN Column1 Column2 INPUT DATA PATTERN 3 TOTAL GLAZING PERCENTAGE 17.60% FAÇADE SEGMENT 1 TOTAL PERCENTAGE A PANELS 26.55% TOTAL PERCENTAGE B PANELS 46.90% TOTAL PERCENTAGE C PANELS 26.55% GLAZING PERCENTAGE A PANELS 10% GLAZING PERCENTAGE B PANELS 21.00% GLAZING PERCENTAGE C PANELS 20.00% FAÇADE SEGMENT 2 TOTAL PERCENTAGE A PANELS 33.30% TOTAL PERCENTAGE B PANELS 33.30% TOTAL PERCENTAGE C PANELS 33.30% GLAZING PERCENTAGE A PANELS 15.00% GLAZING PERCENTAGE B PANELS 20.00% GLAZING PERCENTAGE C PANELS 18.00% TOTAL GLAZING PERCENTAGE (SEGMENT 1) 17.50% TOTAL GLAZING PERCENTAGE (SEGMENT 2) 17.66% Glazing percentage 17.6% Annual energy consumption kwh/m 2 Energy efficient PCM combination SP21 SP25 SP29

29 ENERGY CONSUMPTION (kwh/m 2 ) ENERGY CONSUMPTION (kwh/m 2 ) COMPARISON ENERGY CONSUMPTION (kwh) kwh kwh 4742 kwh ENERGY CONSUMPTION (kwh) kwh kwh kwh

PATTERN FACADE SEGMENT 1 PATTERN FACADE SEGMENT 2 INPUT DATA IMPORTANT POINTS PROPOSED DESIGN INPUT DATA PATTERN 2 TOTAL GLAZING PERCENTAGE 35.73% FAÇADE SEGMENT 1 TOTAL PERCENTAGE A PANELS 26.

80% FAÇADE SEGMENT 2 TOTAL PERCENTAGE A PANELS 33.30% TOTAL PERCENTAGE B PANELS 33.30% TOTAL PERCENTAGE C PANELS 33.30% GLAZING PERCENTAGE A PANELS 39.16% GLAZING PERCENTAGE B PANELS 39.

30 PATTERN FACADE SEGMENT 1 PATTERN FACADE SEGMENT 2 INPUT DATA IMPORTANT POINTS PROPOSED DESIGN INPUT DATA PATTERN 2 TOTAL GLAZING PERCENTAGE 35.73% FAÇADE SEGMENT 1 TOTAL PERCENTAGE A PANELS 26.55% TOTAL PERCENTAGE B PANELS 46.90% TOTAL PERCENTAGE C PANELS 26.55% GLAZING PERCENTAGE A PANELS 11% GLAZING PERCENTAGE B PANELS 32.44% GLAZING PERCENTAGE C PANELS 32.80% FAÇADE SEGMENT 2 TOTAL PERCENTAGE A PANELS 33.30% TOTAL PERCENTAGE B PANELS 33.30% TOTAL PERCENTAGE C PANELS 33.30% GLAZING PERCENTAGE A PANELS 39.16% GLAZING PERCENTAGE B PANELS 39.16% GLAZING PERCENTAGE C PANELS 39.16% TOTAL GLAZING PERCENTAGE (SEGMENT 1) 25.46% TOTAL GLAZING PERCENTAGE (SEGMENT 2) 39.16% Glazing percentage 35.73% Annual energy consumption kwh/m 2 Energy efficient PCM combination SP11 SP21 SP25

35 COMPARISON ENERGY CONSUMPTION (kwh) 27432 kwh

31 ENERGY CONSUMPTION (kwh/m 2 ) ENERGY CONSUMPTION (kwh/m 2 ) COMPARISON ENERGY CONSUMPTION (kwh) kwh kwh kwh ENERGY CONSUMPTION (kwh) kwh kwh kwh

THE EXPERIMENT Graph 1:Temperature measurements of the PCM 21. Graph exported from Eltec Darca Plus.

(kj/kg *K) 2 Density solid(kg/m 3 ) 1.5 Density liquid(kg/m 3 ) 1.4 Volume expansion(%) 3 Heat conductivity (W/ m*k) 0.6 Max.

03 thk container (J/m2) 7560000 SP 25 / RUBITHERM Column1 PROPERTIES Melting area o C 24-26 Congealing area o C 24-23 Heat storage

Congealing area o C 28-30 Heat storage capacity(kj/kg) 210 Specific heat capacity (kj/kg *K) 2 Density solid(kg/m 3 ) 1.

32 THE EXPERIMENT Graph 1:Temperature measurements of the PCM 21. Graph exported from Eltec Darca Plus. SP 21 / RUBITHERM Column1 PROPERTIES Melting area o C Congealing area o C Heat storage capacity(kj/kg) 180 Specific heat capacity (kj/kg *K) 2 Density solid(kg/m 3 ) 1.5 Density liquid(kg/m 3 ) 1.4 Volume expansion(%) 3 Heat conductivity (W/ m*k) 0.6 Max. operation temperature o C 45 Heat stored in 0.03 thk container (J/m2) SP 25 / RUBITHERM Column1 PROPERTIES Melting area o C Congealing area o C Heat storage capacity(kj/kg) 180 Specific heat capacity (kj/kg *K) 2 Density solid(kg/m 3 ) 1.5 Density liquid(kg/m 3 ) 1.4 Volume expansion(%) 3 Heat conductivity (W/ m*k) 0.6 Max. operation temperature o C 45 Heat stored in 0.03 thk container (J/m2) SP 31 / RUBITHERM Column1 PROPERTIES Melting area o C Congealing area o C Heat storage capacity(kj/kg) 210 Specific heat capacity (kj/kg *K) 2 Density solid(kg/m 3 ) 1.35 Density liquid(kg/m 3 ) 1.3 Volume expansion(%) 3 Heat conductivity (W/ m*k) 0.8 Max. operation temperature o C 45 Heat stored in 0.03 thk container (J/m2)

33 THE SET UP

34 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS SAMPLE 1: PCM 21 SAMPLE 2 : PCM 25 SAMPLE 3: PCM 31

35 TOTAL HEAT STORED IN SAMPLES SAMPLE 1: PCM 21 maximum latent heat storage in the physical measurements maximum latent heat storage by Rubitherm Cummulative heat (J/m 2 ) SAMPLE 2: PCM 25 # maximum latent heat storage by 8 Rubitherm maximum latent 7 heat storage in the physical measurements /05 11:04 23:36 02/05 08:24 17:30 Date and Time Cummulative heat (J/m 2 ) # SAMPLE 3: PCM /04 17:07 26/04 05:49 15:25 Date and Time maximum latent heat storage by Rubitherm maximum latent heat storage in the physical measurements

36 SUMMER DAY FACADE PERSPECTIVES SUMMER NIGHT WINTER DAY WINTER NIGHT

37 WINTER DAY WINTER NIGHT THE PERFORMANCE

38 SUMMER DAY SUMMER NIGHT

39 THE DESIGN ELEVATION SCALE: 1:50 INNER ELEVATION SCALE: 1:

40 C PANELS B PANELS A PANELS B PANELS FACADE COMPONENTS C PANELS B PANELS A PANELS

41 FACADE ASPECTS UNITIZED FACADE SYSTEM System control Flexibility Transparency Maintenance Time Energy efficiency Cost Material use Complexity

42 DESIGNER S MANUAL

43 STEP 1 THE CHOICE OF PCM TYPE FACADE LEVEL PARAFFINS OR SALT HYDRATES? SALT HYDRATES 愀渀甀愀氀 cost effective chemical stable cost effective thermal instability flammable large volume alteration in the phase change o C melting temperature range prone to leakage non- flammable small volume alteration in the phase change heat storage 0-95 o C melting temperature range temperature prone to supercooling ANSWER

44 STEP 2 PCM TO GLAZING RATIO GLAZING PCM A) ATHENS MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE B) AMSTERDAM TEMPERATE CLIMATE 20% GLAZING 80% PCM 30-40% GLAZING 70-60% PCM

45 STEP 3 MELTING TEMPERATURE 0 C A) ATHENS MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE B) AMSTERDAM TEMPERATE CLIMATE SP21 (21 0 C) SP25 (25 0 C) SP21 (21 0 C)

46 STEP 4 PCM TYPE 2 PCM COMBINATIONS PCM TYPE 1 HIGH PCM TYPE 3 MEDIUM LOW TEMPERATURE RANGE A) ATHENS MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE B) AMSTERDAM TEMPERATE CLIMATE SP21 - SP25 - SP29 SP21 - SP25 - SP31 SP11 - SP21 - SP25 SP11 - SP21 - SP29

47 STEP 6 PCM PROTECTION 60 0 C SUN PROTECTION MAXIMUM OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE A) ATHENS MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE B) AMSTERDAM TEMPERATE CLIMATE INTENSE SOLAR IRRADIATION INTEGRATED SHADING SYSTEM MEDIUM SOLAR IRRADIATION ADAPTIVE SHADING SYSTEM

48 STEP 7 RESPONSIVENESS SUMMER WINTER HEAT RELEASE HEAT STORAGE HEAT STORAGE AVOID OVERHEATING HEAT STORAGE SOLID T air < T PCM LIQUID T air > T PCM HEAT RELEASE TO THE OUTSIDE NIGHT COOLING HEAT RELEASE TO THE INSIDE

49 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION...