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1 Smart and sustainable buildings Click to edit Master title style BuildIT 2016 Jarek Kurnitski Professor, Tallinn University of Technology, Aalto University Vice-president REHVA

2 IPCC: Buildings show globally the highest economic carbon reduction potential Energy performance of buildings is globally the highest and cheapest sector for GHG reduction Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

3 Federation Tallinn of European University Heating, of Technology 3 Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

4 2030 Package 1 ❶ 2 - Energy Efficiency Energy Performance of Buildings Energy Union framework for climate and energy policies [COM(2014)15 & COM(2014)520] European council of 23-24/10/2014 Energy

5 Towards nzeb: Roadmap of some countries towards nearly zero energy buildings to improve energy performance of new buildings Many countries have prepared long term roadmaps with detailed targets Helps industry to prepare/commit to the targets Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations Primary energy, kwh/m 2 a Estonia

6 Energy use in buildings Final energy use in Estonia TWh/a The share of buildings 50% (without industrial buildings) EU average about 40% J. Kurnitski et al. / Energy and Buildings 75 (2014)

7 2030 energy scenarios what can be done with building stock? (Energy action plan ENMAK 2030+) Scenario S1 Scenario S2 Integrated renovation variants Min Cost optimal Renovation rate of apartment buildings, %/a Renovation rate of detached houses, %/a Renovation rate of nonresidential buildings, %/a Building stock loss (demolition), %/a New construction rate in residential buildings, %/a New construction rate in nonresidential buildings, %/a Application of nzeb requirements in new buildings, a Scenario S3 Cost optimal

8 Results: Final energy use J. Kurnitski et al. / Energy and Buildings 75 (2014) Decoupling from energy use increase is not easy because of continuously increasing building stock First scenario S1 did not provided energy saving 8

9 Results: Primary energy use J. Kurnitski et al. / Energy and Buildings 75 (2014) Reduction of non-renewable primary energy is more difficult compared to final energy 9

10 A roadmap for moving to a low carbon economy in 2050 Adopted on March, EU GHG emissions towards an 80% domestic reduction (100% =1990)

11 Changes in the building stock will need time and systematic work (same applies for energy and transport sectors) Relevant time step 10, 20 years Meeting 2020 targets provides highly valuable experience for EU to set realistic and justified 2030 targets Estonia started performance based energy regulation 2008 major driver for smart buildings (new buildings) Estonian KredEx renovation grant system for old apartment buildings was launched 2010 established best practice standard in renovation Tallinn University of Technology 11

12 Sustainability Global warming and energy evident environmental targets and drivers How to met them challenge for smart buildings Major social and economic factors to be controlled: Buildings affect wellbeing, comfort, productivity and learning performance, adverse health effects Mistakes (such as insulating during energy crises, resulting in poor ventilation and moldy buildings) may have enormous cost Holistic approach is needed build it smart Tallinn University of Technology 12

13 Renovation of existing buildings: adequate ventilation and indoor climate IAQ associated DALYs = 4900 DALY = 186 M cost for Estonian goverment in every year don t save energy on the cost of indoor climate DALY/year*million disability adjusted lifeyear. Blue: outdoor sources, red: indoor sources. (IAIAQ, 2011) 13

14 The Basic Challenge Energy Cost $ Value of Improved Health & Productivity Fisk 2007 More ventilation: Increased energy use for heating, cooling and fans Better work performance and health Air Conditioning Increased energy use for cooling Better work performance

15 Relative costs of an office building 100% Total cost Wages Building related cost without taxes Misc. Building related cost without taxes Electricity Heating Space cleaning Construction cost Misc. Construction cost Electricity Construction + Structural work Interior Heating + piping Vent. + A/C Electrical works Security + TC-syst. Design VAT Property REHVA Guidebook No 6 Indoor Climate and Productivity, 2006 Building costs: People 100 Maintenance 10 Financing 10 Energy 1 1% productivity loss = full energy budget Smart building: energy efficient high quality indoor environment a combination of active and passive measures Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

16 Sustainability A balance between economic, environmental and social factors: Investment, operation cost, LCC CO 2, energy Indoor climate & wellbeing Economic Environmental All these categories have numeric criteria smart building solutions can be used to achieve these criteria in cost effective manner Social However a global targets, sustainable solutions depend on local conditions and climate Tallinn University of Technology 16

17 Building sustainability assessment Importance of indicators/categories depends on business as usual solutions/reference levels Using local data (production of building materials, energy etc.) crucial Environmental factors can be measured in CO 2 and units Economic and social factors mainly in the only common metrics for all categories Estonian context Doctoral theses by Erkki Seinre 2015: assessment for 5 main categories Tallinn University of Technology 17

18 Min-max ranges used by Seinre (selection affects relative importance of categories) Indoor climate: EN 15251: III class, t c =25 C & I class t c =23 C Energy: Reference building (D class) & nzeb (A class) Water: Standard & -40% water use Materials: Steel, (concrete) & timber Transport: 35% & 70% of public transport users, 8 & 12 km

19 Impact on CO 2 emissions (relative to baseline) Productivity represents additional energy use due to better indoor climate

20 Absolute CO 2 emissions (productivity cannot be measured in CO 2 units) Determined as an average value of min-max scale Energy: D & A class Materials: concrete Location: Off.#1 8 km, 70% & Off.#2, 12 km, 35% Water: Reference & -40% Estonian energy mix vs. coal electricity vs. Swedish energy mix

21 Monetary effect Direct cost calculation for productivity, energy and water Cost calculation through CO 2 quota price for materials and location Transport fuel cost (paid by employee) not accounted (employer/investor perspective) CO 2 quota

22 Sustainability assessment categories Productivity prevails E. Seinre, J. Kurnitski, H. Voll. Quantification of environmental and economic impacts for main categories of building labeling schemes. Energy and Buildings, 70 (2014) Based on monetary effect 89 & 70%! (baseline III & II class) For 50% share, the baseline ventilation flow rate needs to be 1,7-1,8 l/(s m 2 ) Average share of the impact to classify the rest Not consistent, but still similarities with LEED & BREEAM Local context is important

23 Smart buildings Previous results may be translated into more simple language: High quality indoor environment (Category I indoor climate ) Nearly zero energy buildings Located close to public transport and services The more smart the building the more cost effectively these qualities could be reached application of relevant active and passive measures, integrated design etc. Tallinn University of Technology 23

24 Some examples: REHVA nzeb TF buildings FRA SUI Location Type Data Heating Cooling Renewable Dijon, Free cooling + Office Measured Biofuel PV France chiller Gland, Office Simulated GSHP Boreholes PV Switzerland NL1 Hoofddrop, the Netherlands Office Simulated GSHP GSHP BioCHP+SC FIN Helsinki, Finland Office Simulated District heat Boreholes PV NL2 Haarlem, the Netherlands Primary school Simulated, hourly GSHP GSHP PV+SC SWE1 Stockholm, Sweden Office Simulated, hourly District heat Boreholes Wind SWE2 EST Helsingborg, Sweden Rakvere, Estonia Office Office Measured, hourly Simulated, hourly GSHP Boreholes PV District heat Open wells PV Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

25 Older nzeb case studies Buildings 1-4 are nzeb office buildings in France, Netherlands, Switzerland and Finland Reported in REHVA Journal (3/2011, 2/2012, 5/2012) Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

26 nzeb Task Force latest buildings (5-8 in the Table) DSK-II school, Haarlem, the Netherlands Väla Gård office building, Sweden Construction year m 2 Extra nzeb cost 250 /m 2 estimated Construction year m 2 Extra nzeb cost 230 /m 2 estimated General description Energy performance Primary school with zero energy consumption, meaning the total amount of energy used for the building itself on an annual basis is roughly equal to the amount of renewable energy produced on site. Net-zero energy building without accounting small power equipment loads, achieved with large on-site PV, heat pumps and energy wells. Entré Lindhagen office building, Sweden General description Energy performance Skanska office in Helsingborg. A nzeb office building, energy consumption is nearly zero or plus including tenant power over the year. LEED certified Platinum. Net zero energy building (small power equipment loads accounted) or plus energy building w/o small power, achieved with extensive on-site PV, ground source heat pump and boreholes. Rakvere Smart Building Competence Centre office building, Estonia Construction year m 2 Extra nzeb cost 55 /m 2 estimated (w/o wind farm investment) Construction year m 2 Extra nzeb cost /m 2 estimated General description Energy performance Skanska head office, Nordea office nzeb building, energy consumption 55 % less than code requirement, building demonstrates low speed ventilation and Skanska Deep Green Cooling, a ground cooling system without heat pump or chiller. Triple Leed Platinum. For core and shell, for Skanska interior design, for Nordea interior design. Net-zero energy building (small power equipment loads accounted) without accounting district heat, achieved with nearby wind farm, district heating and boreholes. Nearly zero energy building if the share of wind farm is not accounted. General description Energy performance Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations Estonian first nzeb office building, primary energy consumption 60 % less than code requirement, building demonstrates smart building automation systems. Nearly zero energy building (small power equipment loads accounted), achieved with on-site PV, district heating and energy wells.

27 nzeb buildings Mass & built form FIN Compactness Ympäristötalo, and deep span office building, achieved with Finland, 2011, inner courtyards No 1 nzeb covered with office in Finland insulated roofs NL2 DSK-II school, Haarlem, the Netherlands, net-zero building, 2014 SWE1 Entré Lindhagen office building, Sweden, 2014, Triple Leed Platinum SWE2 Väla Gård office building, Sweden, 2013, Net-zero (or Energy Plus w/o small power) EST Rakvere SBCC office building, Estonia, 2014, Estonian first nzeb office Technical solutions (5-8) Functions on North and West façade, where solar load is after school day Large building of m 2 Compact massing, roof slope for PV Compact massing, the building is attached to the existing building Façade design Carefully sized windows, South façade is double skin façade with integrated PV and solar shading Fixed Louvre system on the South façade Automated shading, behind outer single glass of double skin or fixed blinds External automated blinds, carefully sized windows, 1/3 of building has fixed horizontal blinds Double façade with automated solar blinds (W), fix shades (S), HVAC, lighting and controls Low pressure DCV and CAV ventilation, occupancy and photocell controlled dimming Low pressure DCV ventilation, floor cooling and heating, LED lighting Low speed ventilation, occupancy and photocell controlled dimming DCV ventilation, medium-temp. radiator heating, occupancy and photocell controlled dimming CAV and DCV ventilation, occupancy and photocell controlled dimming Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations Energy supply On-site RES and storage District heating Borehole cooling = zero energy cooling, PV system (roof and South façade) + battery storage Two open wells Energy wells, solar for energy storage collector for hot and heat pump water, and PV for heating and cooling District heating Borehole cooling = zero energy cooling, nearby wind farm share Ground source heat pump for heating and cooling District heating, two energy wells for cooling Extensive solar PV system and free cooling from ground source Open energy wells for cooling = zero energy cooling and PV system

28 Delivered, on-site and nearby generated, and primary energy FRA SUI NL1 FIN NL2 SWE1 SWE2 EST Heating 10,5 6,0 13,3 38,3 20,5 32,2 10,0 25,0 Cooling 2,4 6,7 3,3 0,3 3,2 1,3 0,5 2,0 Fans & pumps 6,5 8,1 17,5 9,4 11,8 13,2 3,0 9,7 Lighting 3,7 16,3 21,1 12,5 12,5 16,5 12,6 11,3 Appliances 21,2 26,8 19,2 19,3 5,0 16,9 12,6 18,5 On site electricity -15,6-30,9-73,8-7,1-36,5-39,0-19,6 Nearby electricity -47,9 BioCHP fuel 184 Exported heat -50,0 Primary energy Primary energy factors nren ren tot Biofuel District heat Electricity Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

29 RER indicator vs. primary energy Good (negative) correlation between primary energy and RER Not very technology dependent >100% RERp does not allow to draw conclusions on the grid load it is enough to have nonrenewable primary energy indicator Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

30 RER indicator does not provide useful additional information RER is not very sensitive on the use of total/ren, or nren primary energy factors or calculation without factors Annual RER value does not allow to estimate the grid load W/m 2 delivered and exported electricity indicators (hourly values) provide more information Max delivered, W/m 2 Max exported, W/m 2 10th percentile, W/m 2 90th percentile, W/m 2 Haarlem Stockholm Helsingborg Rakvere 32,6 24,2 27,0 13,9-31,6-12,6-34,2-17,5-3,8-6,2-6,5-2,7 15,0 10,9 14,8 8,4 Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

31 Smart building solutions aspects Very sophisticated vs self control Active and passive measures utilization of natural forces Interaction with grid demand side management, load shifting and predictive control Operation, maintenance and monitoring, No of maintenance points, automatic maintenance, IoT, big data Smart design (integrated, mixed streams) vs conventional design (more serial streams) Tallinn University of Technology 31

32 Simple or complex ventilation systems? Hybrid systems tend to be highly complicated (many actuators + complicated control) or are to be controlled by user simulations provide often optimistic results compared to real operation Mechanical systems centralized (as in two case studies) or decentralized Centralized systems may be complex or not Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

33 Terminal pressure drop ventilation (Gräslund REHVA Journal 3/2011) 1-2 step larger ducts and AHUs No need for silencers and most of dampers extremely simple system CAV, but demand controlled with terminal dampers (meeting rooms etc.) SFP=1,3 kw/(m 3 /s) and heat recovery efficiency of 80% Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

34 Conventional vs. terminal pressure drop ventilation Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

35 Example of decentralized ventilation (Achermann, IUCN building, REHVA J 3/2011) Air intakes from facade, a filter unit, a fan and a heating/cooling coil CO 2 sensor located at the exhaust damper integrated into a panel mounted on the ceiling No supply air ductwork Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

36 Helsinki, Environmental Centre Ympäristötalo (Kurnitski REHVA Journal 2/2012) Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

37 Key HVAC-solutions Large mechanical rooms on the top floor and low pressure ductwork Specific fan power of main AHUs kw/(m 3 /s) Heat recovery (wheels) temperature ratio % Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

38 Integrated ventilation and AC with free cooling Air handling unit TE a) TC TC Supply TE Chilled beam Return Cooling water from boreholes a) Room controller TC TE Room Supply ME TE Thermostat Return District heat substation CAV for cellular and open plan offices, DCV for other rooms Active chilled beams in offices and passive chilled beams for other rooms for 24 h cooling (max cooling need 40 W/m2) Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

39 Room conditioning and lighting Active chilled beams (CAV) in offices Lighting fittings of T5 fluorescent lamps with 7 W/m² installed power Occupancy sensors and photocell controlled dimming used in larger rooms, and occupancy sensors in cellular offices Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

40 Dijon, Elithis Tower (Hernandez REHVA Journal 3/2011) Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

41 Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

42 Key solutions Rounded shape (-10% envelope reduction) + external solar shading shield Mechanical balanced ventilation with heat recovery Room conditioning with chilled beams Night ventilative cooling with mechanical exhaust ventilation from atrium Adiabatic + compressor cooling Large windows for max daylight, 2 W/m 2 installed lighting power + task lighting, occupancy and daylight control Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

43 Mechanical ventilation + ventilative cooling Three operation modes: 1. In the heating season the heat recovery ventilation, i.e. air handling units are operated. 2. Ventilative cooling: boost with façade intakes and low pressure atrium exhaust fans. Used in midseasons, when air handling units are operated together with atrium low pressure exhaust fans. 3. Night time ventilative cooling. Air handling units are stopped and only atrium low pressure fans are operated. Façade intake Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

44 Simulated and measured energy performance Office appliances are the major component in the energy balance Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

45 Zero Energy Building Project in the University of Tokyo KOMACEE 21 Komaba Centre for Educational Excellence Location; Komaba campus, the University of Tokyo. Five floors with one underground level floor. Total floor area ; 4,477m 2. several studios and convention rooms such as halls and meeting rooms. 45 Copyright(C) 2011, Tomonari Yashiro & Ryozo OOoka, TUniv. of Tokyo, All rights reserved

46 List of technologies applied 1. smart double skin cladding system by adaptively movable louvers 9. PV 5.N.Ventilatio n 7. LED 2. heat pump 6. desiccant dehumidifier 2. ground source/water heat pump system 3 radiation panel 8.Rain water 1. smart double skin cladding system by adaptively movable louvers 2. ground source/water heat pump system 3. radiation cooling/heating panel system 4. thermal storage utilization 5. natural ventilation by chimney effect 6. desiccant dehumidifier with exhaust heat from heat pump 7. LED lighting system 8. Potable water saving including rain water utilization 9. PV 10. integrated building operation system by AI based control 46 Copyright(C) 2011, Tomonari Yashiro & Ryozo Ooka, TUniv. of Tokyo, All rights reserved

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48 PASSIIVNE TARKUS o Avatud ja ilma segava kandekonstruktsioonita planeering o Päikese suunas avatud aknad (aknapaled) o Talvise päikese püüdmine katuseakendega o Liigse päikeseenergia passiivne varjestamine lõunafassaadil o Passiivne päikeseenergiaga kütmine o Muudetava kasutusfunktsioniga katus (pööratud katus) o Hea juurdepääs ja võimalus kõiki tehnosüsteeme lihtsalt muuta o Topeltfassaad o Hästi isoleeritud hoone Välispiirete soojusjuhtivus (U) on: U seinad = 0,1, U katus = 0,1, U klaasfasaadid = 0,8 U aknad= 0,8

49 AKTIIVNE TARKUS o Jahutuse, kütte, ventilatsiooni ja valgustuse sünkroniseeritud juhtimine (integreeritud hooneautomaatika, ruumipõhine juhtimine) o Välise informatsiooni kasutamine hoone kliima hoidmisel (ilmateade, tööaja graafik jne.) o Taastuva loodusressursi kasutamine jahutamisel / kütmisel (vertikaalsed avatud energiakaevud 60m sügavusel) o Aktiivne päikese kasutamine (päikesepaneelid) o Päikesevalguse aktiivne varjestamine lääneküljes (automaatselt juhitavad ribikardinad) o Sademevee kogumine ja kasutamine tualettides

50 Roheline büroohoone Sõpruse pst 157

51 Common nzeb components in: Central Europe vs. North Europe Large windows for max daylight to save lighting electricity Moderate insulation (U window =1.1, U wall =0.30) More cooling need than heating need External solar shading Glass buildings with external shading possible Free cooling combined with compressor cooling or solar cooling Water based distribution system for cooling (or VRV) Small windows for lowest acceptable average daylight factor Highly insulated envelope (U window = , U wall =0,15) Slightly less cooling but a lot of heating External shading for low solar angle Double skin façade to be used for glass buildings 100% free cooling possible with borehole water Water based distribution systems for heating and cooling (or VRV) Heat recovery ventilation Demand controlled ventilation and lighting PV panels Heat recovery ventilation Demand controlled ventilation and lighting PV panels Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

52 Conclusions Smart building concept is very much driven by energy and sustainability targets Much more than controls and automation integrated total performance solutions Strict energy targets together with awareness about the importance of indoor environmental quality have created enormous multi- and crossdisciplinary challenge with ongoing rapid development Easy to operate and maintain aspects have been problematic in some nzeb pilots extra attention and new smart solutions needed in the design phase to achieve operational nzebs Tallinn University of Technology 52