Hydrogen liquefaction, storage and long-distance transport David Berstad, SINTEF Mission Innovation, Deep dive workshop

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1 Hydrogen liquefaction, storage and long-distance transport David Berstad, SINTEF Mission Innovation, Deep dive workshop Canada House, Berlin, 17 October 2018

2 Norway: Renewable power and fossil energy Natural gas Oil, Cond., NGL Annual Output TWh/a Hydropower Wind power

3 Purpose of large-scale liquid hydrogen The analogy to natural gas transport Liquid bulk transport kicks in as preferred transport mode at relatively large volumes across long distance Image source: Arutyunov, V.S. et al. Partial Oxidation of Light Alkanes as a Base of New Generation of Gas Chemical Processes. Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 15(4): , 2013 Image source: H2020 Gassvessel project. Deliverable D2.1 Scenario Description and Characterization. Image source: Kelley Gas Transport Modules. 3 LH 2 gives superior flexibility in the receiving end (extremely high purity, pressurisation by liquid pumping possible, full flexibility with respect to liquid, gaseous or cryo-compressed distribution and end use)

4 CO 2 intensity of LH 2 product [kgco 2 -eq/kgh 2 ] LH 2 production emissons in a Norwegian context 2,5 Hydropower: 6 kg/mwh Average mix: 16.4 kg/mwh Wind power: 20 kg/mwh 2,0 1,5 Electroysis, compression to 20 bar and liquefaction Electrolysis and compression to 20 bar Low-carbon threshold: 36.4 g CO2 /MJ H2 = 4.37 kg CO2 /kg H2 Source: CertifHy Definition of Green Hydrogen 1,0 Indirect CO2 emissions from electricity consumption Sources on CO 2 intensity: 4 0,5 0,0 Direct CO2 emissions from reforming 93.4 % CO2 capture ratio Up-/mid-stream emissions from natural gas exploitation on the Norwegian Continental Shelf CO 2 intensity of grid electricity [kgco 2 /MWh] CO 2 intensity in power generation: Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (2018) CO 2 intensity in natural gas production: Equinor (2017)

5 Power requirement [kwh/kg] Scaling up hydrogen liquefaction processes Liquefaction power vs. liquefier efficiency State of the art (5 10 t/d blocks) 10 8 U. Cardella, L. Decker, H. Klein. Roadmap to economically viable hydrogen liquefaction, Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 42, 19, 2017, pp Long-term identified potential bar feed pressure % 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Efficiency of hydrogen liquefier U. Cardella, L. Decker, H. Klein. Roadmap to economically viable hydrogen liquefaction, Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 42, 19, 2017, pp

6 Scaling up hydrogen liquefaction processes kwh/kg 6 Examples of losses in typical 5 10 ton/d, state-of-the-art hydrogen liquefiers Useful LH2 product exergy output Cryogenic turbines and brakes Cryogenic heat exchangers Hydrogen compressors and intercoolers Production of liquid nitrogen for precooling Useful LH2 product exergy output Cryogenic turbines and brakes Cryogenic heat exchangers Hydrogen compressors and intercoolers Production of liquid nitrogen for precooling 10 kwh/kg plant 13 kwh/kg plant Main improvements in large-scale plants up to 100s of tons/d: Mixed-refrigerant pre-cooling cycle to reduce pre-cooling losses Tighter heat integration to reduce heat exchanger losses Generally higher efficiency in larger compressors and turbines Possibly turbo-compressors Possibly regeneration of turbine power Expanders may replace throttling valves

7 Large-scale LH 2 storage and loading/offloading terminals for GW-scale plants 4 x m 3 Existing Image source: Kawasaki Heavy Industries m t m t JAXA, Japan 540 m 3 38 t NASA, USA m t 45 m 12 m 20 m LH 2 truck < 50 m 3 < 3.5 t 7 Image source: Kawasaki Heavy Industries

8 The Norwegian natural gas pipeline system A total of 8800 km of subsea pipelines May be available for H2 gas transport to central Europe in the future. Are there barriers? 8

9 Example Target: Transport pressure bar & 100% H 2 gas. The pipeline steel have higher strength than existing standard and guidelines are based on (API X65 vs X52). 9

10 Example Original design codes: DNV 1981: Rules for submarine pipeline systems. ASME B31: Pressure piping Gives too conservative pressure limits for H 2 pressure, compared to the target pressure. 10

11 Needed actions to reach higher operating H 2 transport pressures for X65 subsea pipelines Remove the uncertainty related to embrittlement, by investigating the influence on the materials integrity from pressurized hydrogen. Update standards and guidelines 11

12 Teknologi for et bedre samfunn