Chapter 22, Unnumbered Figure, Page 616. Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e Withgott/Brennan 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Transcription

1 Chapter 22, Unnumbered Figure, Page 616

2 Chapter 22, Unnumbered Figure 1, Page 617 CANADA UNITED STATES New York Long Island New York City Staten Island Fresh Kills Landfill Atlantic Ocean

3 Chapter 22, Unnumbered Figure 2, Page 617 THEN: Fresh Kills Landfill in operation. NOW: Fresh Kills Landfill site today.

4 Figure 22.1 Waste stream with steps to reduce waste Waste stream without steps to reduce waste Waste disposal (landfill, incinerator) Make industrial practices more efficient Minimize packaging for products Purchase green consumer products Reuse items Recycle items Compost materials at home Municipal composting

5 Figure 22.2 Paper 31.0% Yard trimmings 13.2% Food scraps 12.7% 4.9% Plastics 12.0% Other (3.3%) Glass Wood Yard trimmings Food scraps 18.6% Other (4.3%) Glass (5.6%) Wood 6.6% 8.9% 7.9% Paper Rubber, 20.7% leather, 10.1% and Metals textiles 8.4% 7.0% 8.2% Plastics 16.8% Rubber, leather, and textiles Metals (a) Before recycling and composting (b) After recycling and composting

6 Figure 22.2a Other (3.3%) Glass Paper 31.0% 4.9% 6.6% Wood Yard trimmings 13.2% Food scraps 12.7% Plastics 12.0% 7.9% Metals 8.4% Rubber, leather, and textiles (a) Before recycling and composting

7 Figure 22.2b Other (4.3%) Glass (5.6%) Wood Paper 20.7% 8.9% 10.1% Rubber, leather, and textiles 7.0% 8.2% Yard trimmings Food scraps 18.6% Plastics 16.8% Metals (b) After recycling and composting

8 Year Total U.S. generation (millions of tons/year) Per capita waste generation Total waste generation Figure 22.3 Per capita MSW generation (kg/person/day)

9 Figure 22.4

10 Figure 22.5 U.S. municipal solid waste (millions of tons) Recovery for composting Recovery for recycling Combustion Landfill, other disposal Year

11 Figure 22.6 Methane gas recovery well Soil Solid waste Groundwater monitoring well Leachate treatment system Granular drainage layer Gravel Plastic liner Compacted impermeable clay Aquifer Leachate collection pipes

12 Figure 22.7

13 Figure 22.8

14 Figure Boiler Turbine Generator Crane Scrubber Baghouse Stack Furnace Waste storage pit Water Ash 7 Wastewater and ash for treatment or disposal in landfill

15 TABLE 22.1 Some Everyday Things You Can Do to Reduce and Reuse Donate used items to charity Reuse boxes, paper, plastic wrap, plastic containers, aluminum foil, bags, wrapping paper, fabric, packing material, etc. Rent or borrow items instead of buying them, when possible... and lend your items to friends Buy groceries in bulk Decline bags at stores when you don t need them Bring reusable cloth bags shopping Make double-sided photocopies Bring your own coffee cup to coffee shops Pay a bit extra for durable, long-lasting, reusable goods rather than disposable ones Buy rechargeable batteries Select goods with less packaging Compost kitchen and yard wastes in a compost bin or worm bin (often available from your community or waste hauler) Buy clothing and other items at resale stores and garage sales Use cloth napkins and rags rather than paper napkins and towels Write to companies to tell them what you think about their packaging and products When solid waste policy is being debated, let your government representatives know your thoughts Support organizations that promote waste reduction Data from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2005.

16 Figure Collection and processing of recyclable materials by municipalities and businesses 3 2 Consumer purchase of products made from recycled materials Use of recyclables by industry to manufacture new products

17 Year Total amount recovered (millions of tons/year) Recovery rate Total amount recovered Recovery rate (percent) Figure 22.11

18 TABLE 22.2 Recovery Rates for Various Materials in the United States Material Percentage that is recycled or composted Lead-acid batteries 99 Newspapers 88 Major appliances 67 Yard trimmings 65 Paper and paperboard 55 Aluminum cans 48 Glass containers 28 Total plastics 7 Data from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

19 Figure WA OR NV CA ID UT AZ MT WY CO NM ND SD NE KS OK MN IA MO AR WI IL IN MI TN OH WV KY MS AL GA SC PA VA NC NY ME VT NH MA RI CT NJ DE MD DC TX LA HI AK FL Recycling rates 0-10% 10-20% 20-30% 30-40% 40% or more

20 Chapter 22, Unnumbered Figure 1, Page 628

21 Chapter 22, Unnumbered Figure 2, Page 628

22 Chapter 22, Unnumbered Figure, Page 629 Plastic Container of Liquid Soap Teterboro Little Ferry Ridgefield Park Leonia Palisades Park Fort Lee Ridgefield Rutherford Sep 5th, 2009, 07:18 AM East Rutherford Edgewater Sep 5th, 2009, 07:22 AM Lyndhurst Traveled 18.3 miles North Arlington Sep 5th, 2009, 09:02 AM Secaucus North Bergen Union City Sep 5th, 2009, 05:19 AM New York Disposed at 457 Madison Ave., New York, NY Sep 5th, 2009, 04:13 AM Kearny Sep 8th, 2009, 07:26 AM Sep 5th, 2009, 05:02 AM Hoboken Sep 5th, 2009, 04:34 AM Sep 5th, 2009, 04:21 AM senseable city lab Last seen at Bellevue Turnpike, Kearny, NJ Green Point

23 Figure Recycling rate (%) for beverage containers Oregon Massachusetts States without bottle bills Iowa Hawaii New York Michigan Vermont California 0 U.S. states with... No deposit 5 deposit 5+ deposit 10 deposit

24 Figure (a) Composting facility, Edmonton, Alberta (b) Aeration building, Edmonton composting facility

25 Figure 22.14a (a) Composting facility, Edmonton, Alberta

26 Figure 22.14b (b) Aeration building, Edmonton composting facility

27 Figure Source Extraction Raw material Refinement Crude material Recycling Fabrication Finished products Long-lived capital goods Demolition Consumer goods and commercial packaging Demolished goods (autos, buildings) Consumer waste Extraction waste Industrial waste

28 Figure Grain Water Grain Water Beer Beer Spent grain Waste water Spent grain Waste water Animal feed (a) Traditional brewery process Bread Substrate for mushrooms Spent substrate Pigs Waste Shallow algae ponds Digester Fish pond Bio-gas (b) ZERI brewery process

29 Figure 22.16a Grain Water Beer Spent grain Waste water Animal feed (a) Traditional brewery process

30 Figure 22.16b Grain Water Beer Spent grain Waste water Bread Substrate for mushrooms Spent substrate Shallow algae ponds Fish pond (b) ZERI brewery process Pigs Waste Digester Bio-gas

31 Chapter 22, Unnumbered Figure, Page 634 Every five minutes, Americans throw away the number of cell phones shown on this page. The 426,000 cell phones entering the U.S. waste stream daily can leach toxic heavy metals into the environment or they can be recycled for reuse and for the recovery of valuable metals. YOU CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE Recycle your old phone with an approved e-waste recycling service. Donate your phone to a person or a charity that can reuse it. Think twice before buying yet another new electronic gadget that you don t really need.

32 Year Units recycled Millions of units discarded per year Units disposed Figure 22.17

33 Figure 22.18

34 Chapter 22, Unnumbered Figure, Page 636

35 Chapter 22, Unnumbered Figure 1, Page 637

36 Chapter 22, Unnumbered Figure 2, Page 637 Percent of items leaching lead above threshold Percent of items leaching lead above threshold Average lead leachate (mg/l) Average lead leachate (mg/l) 0 Computer CPUs (64) VCRs (10) Printers (9) Smoke detectors (9) Keyboards (4) Color televisions (6) Cellular phones (63) Flat panel monitors (8) Laptop computers (21) Computer mice (15) Computer monitors (9) Remote controls (10) 0 Higher Ferrous metal content Lower

37 Figure 22.19

38 Figure 22.20

39 Figure Liquid hazardous waste Evaporation Impervious clay layer Plastic lining Residue of solid hazardous waste

40 Figure Injection well Unconfined aquifer Impervious soil Confined aquifer Impervious soil Porous rock Injected hazardous waste

41 Chapter 22, Unnumbered Table, Page 641 Per capita MSW generation rates Groups generating municipal U.S. average Idaho Indiana solid waste (7.56 lb/day) (4.66 lb/day) (11.78 lb/day) Day Year Day Year Day Year You ,647 Your class Your state United States World Data from Arsova, L., et al., The state of garbage in America. BioCycle 49 (12): 22.