Cumulative Capacity by Region

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2 Cumulative Capacity by Region ,650 5,300 8,000 10,500 13,000 16,300 18, million gallons per day 0 2,650 5,300 8,000 10,500 13,000 16,300 18,500 million gallons per day

3 Desal CapEx spending in 2017

4 Desal OpEx spending in 2017

5 Incremental Capacity 12 3,170 million m 3 /d 10 2,642 Total Reuse 8 2,114 Brackish, Seawater Tertiary Reuse Desal 6 1, , Triple Barrier Reuse million gallons per day

6 Desal/Reuse Capacity million m 3 /d Other reuse Tertiary reuse 3-barrier reuse BWRO SWRO Thermal desal

7 Saudi Arabia >2,100 MGD Project Plant Type Capacity, MGD Estimated Startup Haqi 3 SWRO Wajh 4 SWRO Duba 4 SWRO Rabigh 3 SWRO Umluj SWRO Yanbu 4 SWRO+thermal Hunai 4 BWRO Jubail 3 Undetermined Shuqaiq 3 SWRO Project Plant Type Capacity, MGD Estimated Startup Yabeen BWRO >2022 Khobar 4 Undetermined >2025 Shoaiba 4 Undetermined >2025 Duba 5 SWRO 3.2 >2025 Haqi 4 SWRO 2.4 >2025 Rabigh 4 Undetermined >2025 Jeddah 5 Undetermined >2030 Ras Al-Khair 2 Undetermined >2030 Yanbu 5 Undetermined >2030

8 Total WTP & WWTP Market

9 1943 Popular Science

10 Desal s California Roots

11 Desal s California Roots Ionics install first ED at Coalinga OSW installs Point Loma seawater MSF General Atomic begins membrane R&D Solution-diffusion RO theory advanced ROGA develops spiral wound RO WF-21 approved WF-21 MSF operational Santa Barbara SWRO runs briefly Interim WF-21 ceases operation WF-21 closed Sand City SWRO Commissioned Carlsbad SWRO Commissioned RO membrane developed at UCLA First RO installed at Coalinga Fluid Systems develops multi-leaf sprial RO element Hydranautics founded in San Diego WF-21 5 MGD RO operational Fluid Systems introduces FRP PVs GWRS 70 MGD MF/RO operational Santa Barbara SWRO recommissioned

12 Design Point and Margin

13 Operating Point Efficiency

14 Operating Point Efficiency

15 The RO membrane

16 The Humble Single-pass RO Concentrate Feedwater Permeate

17 One-pass, Partial Split Concentrate Front Stage 1 Permeate Rear Stage 2 Permeate Feedwater

18 Hybrid Blocked Split 2 nd Pass Front Concentrate Front Stage 1 Concentrate Rear Stage 2 Permeate Feedwater

19 2-pass Hybrid Blocked Split Array 2 nd Pass Front 2 nd Pass Rear Stage 1 Concentrate Front Stage 1 Stage 2 Rear Stage 2 Permeate Feedwater

20 Two-pass, Two-stage Second Pass Permeate Circulation Process 40% 65% maximum Feedwater 90% Product Concentrate

21 Four-stage, Partial Two-pass Feedwater 1 st stage 45% 2 nd stage 80 85% Product 3 rd stage 90 95% 4 th stage 90 95% Concentrate

22 Counter-current with Cascade Recycle Feed SWRO CMCR NF-1 NF-2 Brine RO-CMCR Permeate

23 Three-stage Counter-flow RO 7% Out 0% 15% 2% Brine 25% 4% Feed 7%

24 POU Systems Purification appliance Biological treatment Pure water storage tank

25 Three Biggest Challenges Solving Membrane Biofouling Brine Management Seawater Intakes

26 Desal Technology Outlook Chlorine tolerant RO Membranes in brine concentration applications Electro-chemical desal will find wider use More small/mid-size, including POU/POE DPR will leapfrog IPR Huge leaps in monitoring, control technology Improvements in post-treatment