A Comparison Study of Aerosol Samplers for PM10 Mass Concentration Measurement

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1 - Original Paper PM10 질량농도측정을위한시료채취기의비교연구 박주면 구자건 정태영 권동명 유종익 서용칠 ( , ) A Comparison Study of Aerosol Samplers for PM10 Mass Concentration Measurement Ju-Myon ParkJakon KooTae-Young JeongDong-Myung KwonJong-Ik YooYong-Chil Seo Department of Environmental Engineering, YIEST, Yonsei University ABSTRACT : A PM10 (aerodynamic diameter10 µm) sampler is used to quantify the potential human exposure to suspended particulate matter (PM) and to comply with the governmental regulation. This study was conducted to compare and evaluate the same PM10 cutpoint and different slopes between United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) PM10 sampling criterion and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists/Comité Européen de Normalization/International Organization for Standardization thoracic PM10 sampling criterion through theory and experiment. Four PM10 samplers according to the USEPA criterion and one RespiCon sampler in accordance with the thoracic PM10 criterion were used in the present study. In addition, one DustTrak monitor was used to measure real time PM10 mass concentrations. All six aerosol samplers were tested in a PM generation chamber using polydisperse fly ash. Theoretical mass concentrations were calculated by applying the measured particle size distribution characteristics (geometric mean = 6.6 µm, geometric standard deviation = 1.9) of fly ash to each sampling criterion. The measured mass concentrations through a chamber experiment were consistent with theoretical mass concentrations in that a RespiCon sampler with the thoracic PM10 criterion collected less PM than a PM10 sampler with the USEPA criterion. The overall chamber experiment results indicated, when a PM10 sampler was used as a reference sampler, that (1) a RespiCon sampler had a normalizing factor of 1.6, meaning that this sampler underestimated an average 60% of PM10 mass sampled from a PM10 sampler, and (2) a DustTrak real-time monitor using a PM10 inlet had a calibration factor of 2.1. Key Words : PM10 Sampler, Thoracic Sampler, Real-time Monitor, Particulate Matter, Sampling Criterion 요약 : PM10( 10 µm). PM10 PM10 // PM10. 4 PM10 PM10 1 RespiCon, 1 DustTrak PM ( = 6.6 µm, =1.9). PM10 RespiCon PM10 PM10. PM10, (1) RespiCon PM10 PM10 60% 1.6 (2) PM10 DustTrak 2.1. 주제어 : PM10,,,, 1. 서론 * (PM, particulate matter). 1) 2) Corresponding author seoyc@yonsei.ac.kr Tel: Fax: (PM10) (AD, aerodynamic diameter) 10 µm. PM,,,,. (USEPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency) (NAAQS, National Ambient Air Quality Standards) PM10 (AD 대한환경공학회지 31 권 2 호, 2009 년 2 월

2 154 박주면 구자건 정태영 권동명 유종익 서용칠 10 µm) PM2.5(AD2.5 µm) (ACGIH, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists), 3) (CEN, Comité Européen de Normalisation), 4) (ISO, International Organization for Standardization) 5) PM (inhalable), (thoracic) (respirable) 50% 100 µm, 10 µm, 4 µm. PM PM ( 100 µm ), (AD100 µm), PM10(, AD10 µm), (AD4 µm), PM2.5 (AD2.5 µm), PM1.0 (AD1 µm). USEPA PM10 10 µm 10 µm. 6), 79) PM10 10 µm. PM10 (CP, cutpoint) (slope). 10) 50%. AD84.1 AD % 15.9%. 10) PM10 10 µm USEPA PM10 11) ( PM10 ) ACGIH/CEN/ISO 35) PM10 ()., PM10., USEPA PM10 11). McFarland Ortiz 12) USEPA Grasby- Andersen PM µm PM10 PM10. (1) 10 µm PM10. (2). (3) PM10 PM 공기시료채취기 2. 연구방법 PM10 USEPA (FRM, Federal Reference Method) 4 Graseby-Andersen PM10 (Graseby-Andersen model SA246B, Thermo Electron Co., Smyrna, GA, USA)ACGIH/ CEN/ISO,, 3(stages) RespiCon (Models , TSI, Inc., St. Paul, MN, USA) 1., PM10 1 DustTrak (Model 8520, TSI Inc., Shoreview, MN, USA). 90 (impaction principle). PM10 (impaction plate) AD10 µm. RespiCon (virtual) 1 2 AD10 µm, 3 10 µm<ad100 µm. DustTrak (light scattering technology). DustTrak 10 µm 챔버실험 (Center for Agricultural Air Quality Engineering and Science, Texas, USA).,,,,,.. (fly ash). Coulter Counter Multisizer (Coulter Counter Multisizer III, Beckman Coulter Inc., Fullerton, CA, USA). Pycnometer (AccuPyc 1330, Micromeritics, Norcross, GA, USA) 2.7 g/cm 3. Fig. 1. (air straightener), (feeding system),. 8) Fig. 1 J. of KSEE / Vol. 31, No. 2, February, 2009

3 PM10 질량농도측정을위한시료채취기의비교연구 155 Fig. 1. Experimental setup of PM10, RespiCon, and DustTrak samplers in a PM generation chamber. (fan). (mixing air). 8) Fig. 1 PM , 2.. 8) PM10 1. Fig m. 18%. 128 m 3 /min 2.1 m/s (128 m 3 /min / (2.42 m s)). PM10, RespiCon, DustTrak, 160 cm, 150 cm, 120 cm L/min, 3.1 L/min, 1.7 L/min. PM10 RespiCon PTFE Teflon (0.5 µm pore size, Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA) C, 45%. 13,14) 10 µg (Model AG245, Mettler Toledo Inc., Hightstown, NJ, USA), 3. PM10 12 (PX274, Omega Engineering Inc., Stamford, CT, USA) (HOBO H8 RH/Temp/2X External, Onset Computer Corp., Pocasset, MA, USA)., diaphragm (Item 4Z792, Thomas, Sheboygan, WI, USA), needle valve (Model A , Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA), magnehelic pressure gage (Dwyer instruments, Michigan City, IN, USA). RespiCon diaphragm (Gast DOA-104-AA, Taylor Scientific, St. Louis, MO, USA) (Visi-Float, Dwyer instruments, Michigan City, IN, USA). May, 15) Swanson, 16) Mitchell 17) Dust- Trak (grease). Dust- Trak 1 10 µm PM PM10 의이론적특성 PM10,. 10) (GM, geometric mean) (GSD, geometric standard deviation) 대한환경공학회지 31 권 2 호, 2009 년 2 월

4 156 박주면 구자건 정태영 권동명 유종익 서용칠 Weibull ++ (ReliaSoft Corporation, Tucson, AZ, USA, 2007),,, 1. PM10 PM10. 18) Weibull (1). (a) = f(ad, GM, GSD) = (1), f(ad,gm,gsd). 0 1 PM10 10 µm (2). (2), F(10,GM,GSD). PM10 (CE, collection efficiency) PM10 (cutpoint slope) 0ADa (3). PM10CE = (3) Fig. 2(a) 10 µm 10 ± 0.5 µm 11) McFarland Ortiz 12) 1.5 ± 0.1. Fig. 2(b) PM10. Fig. 2(a) A 10.5 µm % 54.1% B 9.5 µm % 45.7%. PM10 50% (b) Fig. 2. Performance characteristics of (a) a USEPA PM10 sampling criterion and (b) ACGIH/CEN/ISO sampling criteria. Notes: I(AD), T(AD), and R(AD) are collection efficiencies of inhalable, thoracic, respirable PM as a function of AD in µm. F(x) is a cumulative probability density function of standardized normal variable of x, where x = (ACGIH Appendix D, 1996). 43.9% 55.7%. Fig. 2(a) PM10 Microsoft Excel LOGNORMDIST(AD,LN(cutpoint),LN(slope)), 1-LOGNORMDIST(AD,LN(cutpoint),LN(slope)). PM10 PM10 (4). 질량농도 입자크기분포 (4), a. J. of KSEE / Vol. 31, No. 2, February, 2009

5 PM10 질량농도측정을위한시료채취기의비교연구 157 Table 1. Mass concentration (mg/m 3 ) measured from aerosol samplers Sampler PM10 RespiCon DustTrak P1 P2 P3 P4 (PM10) (10 µm inlet used) Test Test * 9 Test * No measurement due to a pump problem. 3. 연구결과및고찰 3.1. 질량농도측정값의비교및현미경분석 Table 1 PM10. PM10 PM10. 3 RespiCon DustTrak (normalizing factor) PM10 = 1.6( ) RespiCon (5) PM10 = 2.1( ) DustTrak (6) (5) (6) RespiCon DustTrak PM10 60% 110% PM10. RespiCon. RespiCon. (ESEM E3, Electroscan Inc., Wilmington, MA, USA). Fig. 3 nm 20 µm., RespiCon,, PM10., (a) Calibration bar (5 µm) (b) Calibration bar (10 µm) (c) Calibration bar (10 µm) (d) Calibration bar (5 µm) Fig. 3. Particle images showing the cutpoint agreement of (a) a RespiCon Stage 1 for 4 µm, (b) a RespiCon Stage 2 for 10 µm, (c) a RespiCon Stage 3 for 100 µm, (d) a PM10 sampler. 대한환경공학회지 31 권 2 호, 2009 년 2 월

6 158 박주면 구자건 정태영 권동명 유종익 서용칠 (shape factor). Hind, 10) Wang 8) (equivalent spherical diameter) DustTrak 의질량농도및보정계수 Fig. 4 DustTrak 1. DustTrak 1,. DustTrak ISO , A1 ( Arizona ) 1.. (6) PM10 2.1( ). DustTrak. Fig. 4. PM10 mass concentration measurements from a Dust- Trak real-time monitor. Fig. 5. Comparison of a USEPA PM10 curve with an ACGIH/ CEN/ISO thoracic curve. 보정계수 기준농도 농도 이전에사용되었던보정계수 (7). DustTrak 10 µm AD>10 µm AD10 µm. DustTrak.. Tunrner Hering 19) Dunbar 20). DustTrak.,,., Park 18) DustTrak SidePak. DustTrak 3.3. USEPA 와 ACGIH/CEN/ISO 시료채취기준비교및측정값비교 Fig µm PM , PM10 (: =1.0). PM10 (AD10 µm), (AD>10 µm). Park 18) (GM = 6.6 µm, GSD = 1.9) 29 mg/m 3 PM10( (2)), PM10 ( (3), cutpoint = 10 µm slope = 1.5), (Fig. 2.(b) T(AD)) (4) 21.5 mg/m 3, 20.5 mg/ J. of KSEE / Vol. 31, No. 2, February, 2009

7 PM10 질량농도측정을위한시료채취기의비교연구 159 m 3, 19.1 mg/m µm. PM10 (20.5 mg/m 3 ) (19.1 mg/m 3 ). 4 PM10 3 (22.9 mg/m 3 ± 4.6 mg/m 3 ) (20.5 mg/m 3 ). Wang 8) 4, 4 PM10 (two-way ANOVA, analysis of variance) p Wang 8) RepiCon DustTrark.., Fig. 4 DustTrak..,,,,..,. mg/m 3. µg/m 3. PM10 PM 결론 PM10 USEPA PM10 ACGIH/CEN/ISO PM10, PM10 4 PM10 1 RespiCon., 1 DustTrak PM10. PM10 PM10, PM10. PM10 RespiCon PM10. PM10 PM10 PM10 RespiCon PM10 60% 1.6., PM10 DustTrak 2.1. 참고문헌 1., (2007). 2., (2006). 3. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices, ACGIH, USA, pp. 8386(1996). 4. Comité Européen de Normalisation, Workplace Atmospheres - Size Fraction Definitions for Measurement of Airborne Particles in the Workplace (CEN EN 481), Brussels, CEN, pp. 311(1993). 5. International Organization for Standardization, Air Quality Particle Size Fraction Definition for Health-Related Sampling (ISO CD 7708), Geneva, ISO, pp. 36(1995). 6. Buser, M., Parnell, C. B. Jr., Lacy, R. E., and Shaw, B. W., Inherent biases of PM10 and PM2.5 samplers based on the interaction of particle size and sampler performance characteristics, in Proceedings of ASAE, St. Joseph, MI, Paper No (2001). 7. Pargmann, A. R., Parnell, C. B. Jr., and Shaw, B. W., Performance characteristics of PM2.5 samplers in the presence of agricultural dusts, in Proceeding of ASAE, St. Joseph, MI, Paper No (2001). 8. Wang, L., Wanjura, J. D., Parnell, C. B. Jr., Lacey, R. E., and Shaw, B. W., Performance characteristics of a low-volume PM10 sampler, Transactions of the ASABE, 48(2), (2005). 9. US Environmental Protection Agency Method IO-2: Inte- 대한환경공학회지 31 권 2 호, 2009 년 2 월

8 160 박주면 구자건 정태영 권동명 유종익 서용칠 grated Sampling of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) in Ambient Air, Washington DC, pp. 1(1999). 10. Hinds, W. C., Ch 4: Particle size statistics, Aerosol technology properties, behavior, and measurement of airborne particles. Wiley Inc., New York, USA, pp (1999). 11. US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 40 CFR Part 53, Subpart D - Procedures for testing performance characteristics of methods for PM10, Ambient air monitoring references and equivalent methods, Washington DC(2000). 12. McFarland, A. R., and Ortiz, C. A., Evaluation of prototype PM-10 inlets with cyclonic fractionators, in Proceeding of the 76th Annual Meeting of APCA, Atlanta, GA, Paper No. 33.5(1983). 13. US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 40 CFR Part 50, Appendix B - Reference method for the determination of suspended particulate matter in the atmosphere (high-volume method), National primary and secondary ambient air quality standards, Washington DC(1983). 14. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Particulates Not Otherwise Regulated, Total (NIOSH 0500), In: Schlecht, P. C. and O Connor, P. F.(Eds.), NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, fourth ed. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication, Cincinnati, OH, pp. 9413(1994). 15. May, K. R., The cascade impactor: An instrument for sampling coarse particles, J. Scientific Instruments, 22, (1945). 16. Swanson, P. D., Muzzio, F. J. Annapragada, A., and Adjei, A., Numerical analysis of motion and deposition of particles in cascade impactors, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 142, 3351(1996). 17. Mitchell, J. P. and Nagel, M. W., Cascade impactors for the size characterization of aerosols from medical inhalers: their uses and limitations, J. Aerosol Medicine, 16(4), (2003). 18. Park, J-M., Rock, J.C., Wang, L., Seo, Y-C., Bhatnagar, A., Kim, S-H., Performance Evaluation of Six Different Aerosol Samplers in a PM Generation Chamber, Atmospheric Environment, 43, (2009). 19. Turner, J. R. and Hering, S. V., Greased and oiled substrates as bounce-free impaction surfaces, J. Aerosol Science, 18, (1987). 20. Dunbar, C., Kataya, A., and Tiangbe, T., Reducing bounce effects in the Andersen cascade impactor, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 301, 2532(2005). J. of KSEE / Vol. 31, No. 2, February, 2009