Monitoring, Measuring and Benchmarking The Experience of the Covenant of Mayors

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1 Milan, 20 October 2014 Innovation in Assessing and Governing Low Carbon and Smart Cities Monitoring, Measuring and Benchmarking The Experience of the Covenant of Mayors Giulia Melica European Commission Joint Research Centre Serving society Stimulating innovation Supporting legislation

2 Outline 1. The CoM and the Sustainable Energy Action Plan process 2. Assessing the starting point: the Baseline Emission Inventory (BEI) 3. The planning phase 4. Monitoring the implementation 5. Conclusions

3 The CoM and the Sustainable Energy Action Plan process 10/23/2014 3

4 What is the CoM? Voluntary initiative launched by DG ENERGY in 2008 to support local authorities in the sustainable energy development and the fight against climate change Mayors commit to go beyond EU energy and climate objectives at least 20% CO2 reduction in their respective territories by 2020 Define a Baseline Emission Inventory (BEI) Prepare a Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP) Implement their Action Plan and report periodically on progress 6000 active signatories ~4000 SEAPs received so far! 4

5 The SEAP process 5

6 Guiding principles of the CoM approach Scientific soundness knowledge of starting point (BEI) Territorial approach Focus on FINAL energy consumption: In Buildings, equipment/facilities (and industries): Municipal sector (exemplary role of the local authority) Residential sector Tertiary sector Transport Actions on Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energies

7 Assessing the starting point: the BEI 7

8 A simple concept: final energy consumption Final energy consumption in buildings, equipment/facilities and industries Final energy consumption in transport Focus of the Covenant Other not energy-related emission sources (e.g. waste, wastewater) Not mandatory Local electricity generation Indirectly considered, if included in SEAP

9 How to calculate the emissions? Emissions = Activity data x Emission factor MWh of natural gas consumed Value in t CO2 / MWh Data relevant to the particular situation of the local authority need to be found Most emission factors can be found in tables

10 Flexibility and simplicity: choice of the approach and of emission reporting unit IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) approach: Based on the Carbon content of fuels. LCA (Life Cycle Analysis) approach: 94% of BEIs Includes embodied emissions that occur upstream (e.g. emissions required to extract, transform, transport the fuel up to the city). 6% of BEIs Possible to report in CO2 or CO2eq

11 The Baseline Emission Inventory (BEI) A prerequisite to SEAP elaboration: the BEI quantifies the amount of CO 2 emitted due to energy consumption in the municipality s territory, and will thus help select the appropriate actions Three sectors represent 86% of the emissions of the city 28% 7% Share of emissions per sector 5% 2% 21% Primary sector Industrial sector Tertiary sector Transport sector Residential sector 37% Waste management sector Example: Castelldefelds (Spain)

12 The Monitoring Emission Inventory (MEI) An instrument to measure the impact of the SEAP actions: the BEI shows where the local authority is at the beginning. The subsequent MEIs will follow the same methods and principles of the BEI and will show the progress towards the objective. Example: Sunderland, UK

13 Trends in BEI Level of detail in submitted BEIs Out of 3498 submitted BEIs of the sample: 100% include aggregated data on Buildings 98% include aggregated data on Transport 29% include aggregated data on Other sectors (not energy-related) Within the macro-sectors, detailed information is available on: BUILDINGS: TRANSPORT: MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS 93% RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS 94% TERTIARY (NON MUNICIPAL) BUILDINGS 88% MUNICIPAL PUBLIC LIGHTING 77% INDUSTRIES 41% MUNICIPAL FLEET 63% PUBLIC TRANSPORT 32% PRIVATE AND COMMERCIAL TRANSPORT 75% 10/23/

14 Some considerations on BEIs BUILDINGS: Energy consumption data are generally easier to find (even if with differences across countries) TRANSPORT: Data are more difficult to gather. Also, methodologies to obtain energy consumption data depend on cities' size. OTHER SECTORS (not energy-related): The CoM framework does not provide guidance (not a priority). Data type can be very diverse (e.g. direct emissions vs. indirect emissions). LOCAL ENERGY PRODUCTION: Data may be hard to find when plants are privately operated 10/23/

15 The planning phase 15

16 Identification of priority areas for action The choice of sectors to tackle and of specific measures to implement is entirely left to the responsibility of the Signatory, as it largely depends on: political mandate of the Mayor national framework (regulations, grants, incentives, etc ) size of the local authority availability of human & financial resources, expertise 10/23/

17 Some data/info from SEAP actions Based on a sample of measures in 3489 SEAPs: BUILDINGS, EQUIPMENT / FACILITIES & INDUSTRIES 42% TRANSPORT 14% LOCAL ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION 9% LOCAL DISTRICT HEATING / COOLING, CHPs 2% LAND USE PLANNING 9% PUBLIC PROCUREMENT OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES 3% WORKING WITH THE CITIZENS AND STAKEHOLDERS 17% OTHER SECTOR(S) 3% Criticality of the reporting framework: not possible to see in which BEI sector the corresponding emission reduction is expected. Now overcome via the definition of action's categories (areas of intervention and policy instrument). 10/23/

18 Important to identify some progressbased indicators for each action Municipal - Residential - Tertiary Buildings Building envelope Number/surface area of buildings insulated [- /m2] Energy efficiency in space heating and hot Number of boilers replaced [-] water Energy efficient lighting systems Number of lamps replaced [-] Energy efficient electrical appliances Number of electrical appliances replaced [-] Renewable energy for space heating and hot water Surface area of solar thermal panels installed [m2] Integrated action Number/surface area of buildings retrofitted [- /m2] ICT Number of buildings with smart meters installed [-] / Number of new buildings with domotic systems [-] Behavioural changes Number of participants in awareness raising campaigns [-] / Number of CFLs distributed [-] 10/23/

19 Important to identify some progressbased indicators for each action Municipal - Public - Private Transport Cleaner/efficient vehicles Number of vehicles replaced [-] Electric vehicles infrastructure Number of charging points [-] Modal shift to public transport Network extension (km) / Number of services per day [-] Modal shift to walking & cycling Number of bicycle parking spaces [-] Car sharing/car pooling Number of car share vehicles and locations [-] ICT Eco-driving Number of roads with Variable Speed Limits (VSB) introduced [-] / Number of teleworking schemes in place [-] Example: no. of courses/campaigns realised on total planned (%) 19

20 Monitoring the implementation 20

21 Why is monitoring important? To monitor how actions defined in SEAPs are progressing and evaluate their effects towards the targets To identify the need of adjustments to the plan, e.g. corrective measures -20% Is the signatory on track to reach the target? 21

22 What is monitored under the CoM Every 2 years CoM signatories have to report (qualitatively) on the implementation of their actions. Every 4 years it is mandatory for signatories to submit an Emission Inventory (EI). It will be possible to analyse trends in: Energy consumption per capita Share of biofuels on total fuel consumption Share of local energy production on total energy consumption Emissions per capita 10/23/

23 Performance indicators The function of indicators is highly dependent on the specific context and on the different priorities and concerns. In the context of the Covenant, the main indicators are those linked to energy consumption or level of emissions per unit of measure, e.g.: Per capita energy consumption, by fuel and mode [MWh/capita] Carbon intensity of transport [t CO2/pkm] or [t CO2/Vkm] Energy consumption in buildings [kwh/m2] or [kwh/m3] Other suggested indicators: Public transport ridership [pkm/capita] Car passenger traffic [pkm/capita] Number of vehicles passing fixed point per year/month % of population living within 400 m of a bus service 23

24 Conclusions and next steps 24

25 Measuring and monitoring energy efficiency at the city level can be challenging Data collection difficulty has to be taken into account when identifying relevant indicators but can provide an aid in sustainable energy planning Indicators can help local governments to identify which strategies allow the greatest improvement A benchmarking system should be developed to allow cities to assess their performance on energy efficiency and be inspired from those that are performing better 10/23/

26 Thank you! Giulia Melica Joint Research Centre (JRC) IET - Institute for Energy and Transport Petten - The Netherlands & Ispra - Italy