Centralni toplinski sustavi: izazovi i perspektiva

Transcription

1 Centralni toplinski sustavi: izazovi i perspektiva Prof.dr.sc. Neven Duić Zavod za energetiku, energetska postrojenja i ekologiju Fakultet strojarstva i brodogradnje Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Croatia Konferencija Budućnost centralnih toplinskih sustava u Republici Hrvatskoj , Zagreb

2 3 options for heat sector

3 Individual heating

4 Heat networks

5 Surplus heat today in Europe

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7 EHI proportional to square root of degree days, 100 EHI = 2600 degree days

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9 Power sector developments EU electricity generation installed capacity net change, [GW], EWEA

10 Wind share in electricity demand Wind share in electricity demand 2013 Denmark 34% Portugal 24% Spain 21% Cape Verde 19% Ireland 17% Germany 10% Romania 9% Estonia, UK, EU 8% Greece, Sweden 7% Lithuania 6% Cyprus, Italy, Netherlands 5% India, US, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Poland 4% Canada, Costa Rica, Australia, Morocco, Croatia, France 3% World, China, Hungary, Latvia, Luxembourg 2%

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12 PV revolucija 12

13 PV revolution

14 PV revolution Solar share in electricity demand 2013 Greece, Italy 7% Germany, Spain 5% Bulgaria 4% Belgium, Czech Rep. 3% Luxembourg, Slovakia 2%

15 Electricity market Electricity price = marginal cost Demand Marginal cost Import Gas Fuel oil Supply Coal NE Base load HE

16 Electricity market Electricity price = marginal cost Demand Imports Gas Fuel oil Supply Coal Marginal cost Wind HE NE Base load windy night

17 Wind and solar: Coal vs. gas?

18 Go-live! NWE+CWE price coupling on February 4, % of European power market ES+PT connected in May 2014

19 Markets and RES Consequences of market liberalisation: Demission of base load The importance of balancing power (gas, hydro) Cycling of old coal power plants (4000 hours by 2020) End of need for feed-in tariff Market arbitrage (time delay, power-heat, power-water, demand management)

20 Case: Skagen CHP plant

21 Skagen CHP plant CHP capacity: 13 MWe and 16 MWth (Three 4.3 MWe Wärtsilä Natural Gas engines) 250 MWh heat storage 37 MW peak load boilers 10 MW electric boiler Heat Pumps Investment under consideration Operated together with a Waste Incineration plant (heat only).

22 The main electricity markets Primary reserves (frequency controlled production) Secondary reserves (controlled by status of primary reserves) Manuel regulating power (Tertiary reserves) Intra day market Day ahead spot market 30 sec 15 min 1 hour > 12 hours The M.Sc. Programmes in Environm. Managem. & Sustainable Energy Planning and Management, 8. Semester,

23 Skagen Day ahead spot market in Jan Regulating power market in approx Automatic primary reserve market in Nov. 2009

24 Cost of entering primary automatic reserves market Cost of making MW available on the engines: Only approx EUR. Investing in 10 MW electric boiler: Approx 0.7 MEUR.

25 Skagen CHP plant

26 DH in Sweden

27 District heating 4 th generation district heating Low temperature 60-70/40 Low ratio heating/hot water continuity of heat load Heat storage (4 m 3 /customer) CHP follows electricity market Waste heat from various sources (power plants, waste to energy, industry) Heat from solar, biomass, gas Electric heaters primary reserve market (in future heat pumps, also secondary reserve)

28 Thank you for your attention! Scientists have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it.