Project Title: OPET CHP/DHC. Work Package 5/Task 5. Deliverable: D17

Transcription

1 Project Title: OPET CHP/DHC Work Package 5/Task 5 Deliverable: D17 Report on overview of benchmarking in Europe including best practice in benchmarking O.Ö. Energiesparverband October, 2003 European Commission (Directorate-General for Energy and Transport) Contract no. NNE5/2002/52: OPET CHP/DH Cluster

2 TITLE: Report on overview of benchmarking in Europe including best-practice in benchmarking Author(s): Christine Öhlinger Organisation: O.Ö. Energiesparverband Address: A-4020 Linz, Landstraße 45 Tel.: Fax: Web: The project "OPET CHP/DH Cluster" has obtained financial support from the European Commission (Directorate-General for Energy and Transport) under the contract no. NNE5/2002/52 for Community Activities in the Field of the specific programme for RTD and demonstration on "Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development - Part B: Energy programme" The responsibility for the content on this publication lies solely with the authors. The content does not necessarily represent the opinion of the European Community and the Community is not responsible for any use that might be made of data appearing herein.

3 Sector: Office buildings (Austria, Germany, UK, Switzerland) 30 % of all European buildings are tertiary sector buildings and most industry buildings include also an office. Energy efficiency in tertiary sector buildings and especially in office buildings is therefore an important factor for a sustainable future. The energy consumption is typically split in the following way: 52 % space heating, 9 % water heating, 14 % lighting, 4 % cooling, 16 % other. Energy use in offices has risen in recent years because of the growth in information technology and air-conditioning. As a result there has been a strong increase in cooling in warm & cold countries and in electricity consumption. However, this trend is offset by considerable improvements in insulation, lighting and controls. One main result of the studies analysed is, that the main reason for inefficient energy use still is lack of information, motivation and organisation. Analyses of energy consumption in office buildings showed that, on the average, energy consumption was split equally between heating and electricity. Electricity, however, can be responsible for up to 88 % of total energy costs (the average was 75 %). Electricity costs can for example be reduced by tariff restructuring, which requires no investments (but also does not lead to any savings). The example of one company studied showed that such measures were able to achieve an annual savings of more than 9,000. The studies also show how the proper selection and efficient use of office appliances (computers, printers, fax machines, etc.) and systems (ventilation and air-conditioning, lighting, lifts, etc.) can all help to reduce electricity consumption. In most buildings studied, thermal insulation would be necessary. Among others, the following benchmarking indicators are applied in Austria: Energy losses split by external walls, windows, floors, transmission losses Office space in m² per staff member Specific energy consumption (kwh/m²,a) Specific energy costs ( /m²,a) Specific annual electricity consumption (kwh/m²,a) Benchmarking Report 3

4 Specific annual electricity costs ( /m²,a) Specific energy consumption for heating & hot water (kwh/m²,a) Specific energy costs for heating & hot water (kwh/m²,a) Among others, the following benchmarking indicators are applied in the UK: Pound/m² of treated floor area according to 4 building types (naturally ventilated cellular; naturally ventilated open-plan; air-conditioned; standard; air-conditioned, prestige) energy use indices (EUIs): annual kwh/m² of treated floor area energy cost indices (ECIs): annual Pounds/m² of treated floor area: carbon dioxide emission indices (CEIs): annual kg CO 2 / m² of treated floor area energy use indices for hot water: kwh/m² of treated floor area lighting benchmarks: W/m², hrs/year, percentage utilisation, energy use indices in kwh/m²,a air handling benchmarks: litre/second per m², specific fan power in Watts per litre/second, hours/year, fan energy use indices in kwh/m²,a, fan/pumps and control energy use indices in kwh/m²,a office equipment benchmarks: W/m², hours/year, percentage of treated floor area, energy use indices in kwh/m²,a Energy indicators used in office buildings meeting passive house standards: heating energy consumption per m² and year < 15 kwh/m²,a primary energy consumption < 120 kwh/m²,a (for heating, hot water, electricity) Benchmarking Report 4

5 Energy efficient office buildings with a primary energy index below 100 kwh/m²,a can be built by using state of the art technologies. However careful planning is required, the benefits are high level of comfort for the users and reduced energy consumption. Environmental procurement Environmental procurement is one tool to make office buildings more energy efficient. Among others, the following indicators are used: water consumption (litre/staff member and day) energy consumption for heating (kwh/m²) electricity consumption (kwh/staff member) paper consumption (kg/staff member) share of recycling paper on the total paper consumption (%) paper consumption for copying (sheet A4/staff member) waste (kg/staff member) CO 2 production (kg/staff member) traffic (km/staff member) heat and electricity consumption energy consumption per m² heated office floor and year (MJ/m²,a) fuel consumption of vehicles and their CO 2 production copying paper consumption consumption of household cleaners waste disposal costs Best practice examples & conclusions: Key features: The standards to which the building and its services are designed The presence of air-conditioning The proportion of open-planned offices; these tend to use more energy, particularly for lighting. Building quality: Design which maximises the use of form and fabric to control the internal environment Design which minimises the provision, capacity and use of building services The efficient design and effective, usable control of these services The quality of construction, installation and commissioning. Occupancy and management: Occupancy hours and, to a lesser extent, densities The amount of office and other equipment installed and its intensity of use Matching standards and operating hours of services and equipment to usage Effective maintenance Unoccupied space. Benchmarking Report 5

6 Energy-intensive areas: Mainframe computer rooms, communications rooms and extensive dealing rooms, and their air-conditioning. Catering kitchens and sports and leisure facilities. The investigations clearly demonstrated that it is possible to combine high standard (meaning reduced energy consumption) with low construction costs. Taking into account running costs, such buildings can be even more economic than conventional office buildings. A crucial factor is the planning phase. The main objective should be to reduce energy consumption as much as possible and cover the remaining needs in an environmentally friendly way. Thermal and lighting simulation models are very helpful in the planning phase. After finalisation of the building, it has to be ensured that the planning concepts are put into practice (e.g. maintenance, control devices) and energy accounting can help to maintain a good standard. Benchmarking Report 6

7 Sector: Bakeries (Slovakia) There are about 550 bakeries in Slovakia with an annual production of around 320,000 t (2000). Most of the bakeries are small businesses, about are industrial type bakeries. The annual production decreased from more than 400,000 t/a in the 80ies and 90ies to 320,000 t/a in The comparison of energy intensity indicator in audited bakeries ,49 The average of industrial-type bakeries in Slovakia (GJ/t) 8 6 6,52 6,84 The EU agerage ,63 3,36 Bakery No. 1 Bakery No. 2 Bakery No. 3 Bakery No. 4 Bakery No. 5 The average in small businesses in Slovakia The comparison of the energy intensity indicator audited in bakeries showed that the average in small businesses in Slovakia (3.36 GJ/t) is below the EU average, whereas the average of industrial type bakeries is above 10 GJ/t. Sector: Bakeries (Latvia) In Latvia there are about 150 bakeries. There are only 3-4 big bread producers, their equipment is very modern and thus efficiency is quite high % of the total market demand is covered by regional bakeries, which are usually operating with outdated equipment, and low energy efficiency. Their daily output is less than 10 tons per day, the average number of employees is less than 100. The following benchmarks are used: Specific electricity consumption: amount of electric energy (kwh) consumed for production of 1 kg goods Specific fuel consumption: amount of heat energy generated using some kind of fuel (kwh) consumed for production of 1 kg goods Benchmarking Report 7

8 Specific energy consumption: amount of energy (kwh) consumed for production of 1 kg goods. The average specific energy consumption is 3.16 kwh/kg, which is a very high value, compared for example to the Danish average of 0.57 kwh/kg. Bakeries in LATVIA Company Fuel consumption AVG 4,29 2,55 3,28 3,68 1,97 1,95 2,36 3,09 2,43 3,33 Electric consumption AVG 0,09 0,17 0,13 1,49 0,09 0,12 0,07 0,06 0,14 0,31 Total energy consumption AVG 4,38 2,72 3,41 5,17 2,06 2,07 2,43 3,15 2,57 3,64 There exist the following best practice examples using innovative energy efficient technologies: Tukums bakery reconstructed boiler house; Ventspils Maiznieks reduced workshop roominess by lowering ceiling, installed ventilation system and air curtains; Balvu maiznieks replaced steam boiler burners, bought 2 new baking ovens. Jelgavas Maiznieks installed flue gases condensation unit after baking ovens, recovered heat is utilised in technological processes. Benchmarking Report 8

9 Sector: Graphic Arts Industry The data include information from printing and publishing companies, pre-press companies, binderies, etc. The statistics for Finland from the year 2000 contains 130 printing firms (rotary printers 28, sheet-fed printers 84 and form printers 18). The proportion of printing firms of all the graphic arts firms was 34 %. The energy consumption in the printing and publishing industry represents approximately 1 % of the total value of production. Overview of the energy and water consumption in the printing and publishing industry in Finland: Heating energy Electrical energy Water kwh / m3 / a ,29 MWh / metric ton / a (used printing paper) 0,69 0,52 3,9 MWh / person / a 10,3 7,8 55,9 Additionally the facility management costs and energy consumption of the graphic arts industry has been determined and compared since the year 1993 in a benchmarking study by Promain Oy and VTT Building and Transport. The costs and consumption can be monitored via an interactive web-base. Energy, water and waste water costs represent about 1,3 % of the turnover of the printing houses. The total energy and water consumption of printing companies (2000) is presented in the following table: Heating energy [MWh] Electrical energy [MWh] Propane [metric ton] Water [m 3 ] 59, , , ,127 The heating energy consumption with respect to building volume (kwh/m³) is also monitored: All Coldset Heatset Sheet-Fed printers Median 34,3 36,7 25,5 41,4 Lower quartile 23,9 26,9 22,3 24,9 Upper quartile 44,4 45,4 31,4 53,6 Mean value 35,9 36,9 24,8 44,2 Benchmarks for water consumption with respect to building volume (m³/m³): All Coldset Heatset Sheet-Fed printers Median 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,10 Lower quartile 0,08 0,07 0,10 0,07 Upper quartile 0,17 0,16 0,17 0,16 Mean value 0,13 0,12 0,16 0,12 Benchmarking Report 9

10 Benchmarks for water consumption referring to the amount of used printing paper (m³/metric ton): All Coldset Heatset Sheet-Fed printers Median 1,04 1,10 0,67 1,97 Lower quartile 0,39 0,33 0,38 1,93 Upper quartile 1,84 1,35 0,81 2,11 Mean value 1,19 0,99 0,92 2,09 Benchmarks for consumed electrical energy with respect to building volume: All Coldset Heatset Sheet-Fed printers Median 63,51 62,66 85,26 71,87 Lower quartile 53,15 55,71 62,24 38,92 Upper quartile 90,13 73,37 119,63 92,43 Mean value 73,22 63,47 96,11 68,23 Benchmarks for consumed electrical energy per amount of used printing paper (kwh/metric ton): All Coldset Heatset Sheet-Fed printers Median Lower quartile Upper quartile Mean value Benchmarks for electrical and gas energy per amount of used printing paper (kwh/metric ton): All Coldset Heatset Sheet-Fed printers Median Lower quartile Upper quartile Mean value Benchmarking Report 10

11 Sector: Pulp, paper and paper products industry (Slovenia) There are 92 registered companies in Slovenia established, with approximately 6,000 employees, among them 9 big, 12 medium and 71 small size companies. Annual sales revenues of the sector are approximately 600 million, share of the sector in the net sales within the manufacturing sector in Slovenia is 4 % and export accounts to 63 % of the total realisation. According to the National Classification of Activities is pulp, paper and paper products industry labelled as a DE 21 sector. Pulp, paper and paper products industry association within the Chamber of commerce and industry of Slovenia is yearly collecting data of the sector operation (production, import - export, revenues, profits, employment, salaries, production indicators...), but no data about energy use. These are collected by the voluntary association of the industry energy consumers IZIPE, also within the Chamber of commerce and industry of Slovenia, for the 6 out of 9 big size companies in this sector. The analysis was dedicated to those companies. The following benchmarking indicators are used: energy costs - total and per individual energy sources share of energy costs in total expenses energy use in original energy units per individual energy sources energy use in toe - total and per individual energy sources share of energy use of individual energy sources in total energy use Data are collected in agreement with the members of IZIPE, usually every second year, via a questionnaire, which allows overview of energy use per month for individual energy sources. Publicly are available only joint data for all 6 companies, all together 46 indicators. Individual data are available only for the companies included in survey. Best practice Innovative energy efficiency technologies are applied in Kolicevo karton, d.o.o., an energy efficiency demonstration project, funded within the PHARE programme of the European Commission. Energy management is applied in Paloma - Sladkogorska, Tovarna papirja d.d. Sladki vrh and Vipap Videm Krško, Proizvodnja papirja in celuloze, d.d. Benchmarking Report 11

12 Sector: District heating (Poland) Economic transformation caused that former 50 of state owned DH companies were divided into hundreds of small new entities. Apart of that many private companies are involved in heat supply business (heat production, distribution and trade) were established. The total heat production in DH in Poland is about 570,000 TJ. Most of DH companies are selling heat produced in their own heat sources and transmitted through their own DH networks. Since 1990 (after economic transformation) pre-insulated pipes are available mainly for replacing old pipes and new customers connection. Also modern fittings and accessories are in use for DH networks modernisation. The total length of DH networks operated by licensed DH companies was 16,632 km (2001 data) and heat losses composed less than 13 % of heat delivered to those networks. The size of the company is usually characterised by heat output and heat sale. For analysed 570 DH companies the average heat output ordered by the customers in 2001 was approx. 66 MW and average heat sale 510,500 GJ. However the average heat output ordered by the customers in 9 large DH companies exceeds 1,443 MW (in largest company over 4,000 MW) and average heat sale was almost 12,900,000 GJ. The following benchmarking indicators are used: Quality of work Accordance to law Flexibility Reliability of heat supply Competitiveness of the offer Professionalism Company mark Membership of organisations Environment protection Effectiveness of concession operation Effectiveness of investment operation Efficiency Overall efficiency Economical independence Investment level Managing concept Activity diversification Best practice: Heat transfer station automation; Station monitoring in gdynia, Wroclaw, Radom Heating plant automation with monitoring in KALISZ District heating network monitoring in Wroclaw, Radom, Bialystok Benchmarking Report 12