Air Quality Impacts of Brick Kilns in India

Transcription

1 Air Quality Impacts of Brick Kilns in India A Study Analysing the Production Limitations, its Impacts on Local Air Quality and Subsequent Adaptable Measures for Improvement Advisors: Alec Appelbaum & Jaime Stein Summer 2017 Sarita Rupan SES-660A-01 Sustainable Environmental Systems

2 ...since early 2016 brick kiln owners have been required to gain environmental clearance. But in some areas people bribe officials. Sometimes they produce bricks secretly... Research Topic: How the prevalent brickmaking procedure in India, has led to air quality degradation and increased pollution. - The Guardian Feb Source: Image,The Guardian

3 Overview Background Production Methods Impact Analysis Recommendations Conclusion 3

4 Collaborating with Mission of the Organization Capacity to Act Sustainable Design and Construction Provides Consultancy to NGO s & Governmental Organizations R&D + Promotion of Earth Based Technologies Mission to Promote Low Carbon Earthen Technologies Low Embodied Energy Construction Solutions for Sustainable Development Source: AVEI Training & Educating Workers and Building Specialists to Adopt Sustainable Technologies 4

5 Background Study 5

6 Current Trends Source: Growth in Infrastructure 6

7 Why Bricks? In Use and Production Since Indus Valley Civilization Popular choice for construction Reasons for Popularity: Easy Availability Affordable Choice Strong and Durable Non Combustible & Favourable for Local Climate Source:Image 1, Image 2, Reasons 7

8 Indian Brick Industry 2nd largest producer of bricks in the world More than 15% of world s bricks are produced here. 25 million tons of coal used each year 140,000 brick kilns currently operate in the country Around 10 million workers employed by the industry (officially) Source: Growth in Infrastructure 8

9 Industry Scale Annual Production 9 Billion Whereas Annual Production 200 Billion Source: The Brick Industry Association 9

10 Existing Industry Issues ntroduced in the British era by W. Bull in Non-automated & largely dependent on manual labor Various types of fuels used: Coal, biomass, toxic industrial waste, agricultural residue etc. Causes 9% of total carbon emissions in India Source: India Report on Brick 10

11 Reasons for Non Compliance Lack of Awareness Procurement of Resources Upfront Investment Costs + High Fuel Cost Non Implementation of Regulation Source: Maithel et al, Shakti Foundation,

12 Production Methods 12

13 Brick Kiln Technologies Currently Used In India 25% 70% Downdraft/Clamps Kilns Fixed Chimney Bull s Trench Kiln Source: Maithel,

14 Fixed Chimney Bull s Trench Kiln Source: Bull's Trench Kiln Method 14

15 Impact Analysis 15

16 Study Area - National Capital Region (NCR) What the NCR Comprises of Delhi NCR has more than 2000 kilns operating within a radius of 50 km (31 mi) Source: Maps of India 16

17 Impact Analysis Area - Location A 17

18 Impact Analysis Area - Location B 18

19 Air Quality Data - Comparison of PM 2.5 Source: National Air Monitoring Programme,

20 Comparison of PM Highlighting Months of Kiln Firing Source: National Air Monitoring Programme,

21 Air Quality Data - Comparison of PM 10 Source: National Air Monitoring Programme,

22 Comparison of PM 10 - Highlighting Months of Kiln Firing Source: National Air Monitoring Programme,

23 Spatial Distribution of Pollutants PM 2.5 & PM 10 - Across Delhi PM 2.5 PM 10 Source: Sharma et al,

24 Causes of Emission Use of Low Quality / Two or More Types of Fuel for Firing of the Kiln. Improper Insulation of the Kiln, Which Causes Heat Loss and Increased Usage of Fuel. Tight and Compact Stacking of Green Bricks Inside the Kiln, Which Prevents Proper Airflow. Uneven Heat Distribution, Which Leads to Low Quality Bricks and Increased Fuel Usage. Source: Maithel,

25 Recommendations 25

26 Recommendations + + Design Improvements Advocacy & Promotion Government Regulations 26

27 Increase thickness of the ash and brick dust layer used for covering the kiln. Use of overburnt/waste bricks, to create kiln covering to improve insulation Covers used for fuel feeders can be insulated to prevent heat loss Prevention of heat loss. Reduction of fuel requirement. Kiln Structure Improvements Reduction of manufacturing cost. Recycling of waste bricks. 27

28 Improvement of stacking layout from compact to alternate pattern. Kiln chimney could be regularly cleaned to induce air draught. Enhanced Air Draught Fuel could be broken into smaller pieces before feeding to allow complete combustion and prevent wastage. Height of the chimney could be increased to enhance air movement. Improved combustion inside the kiln. Reduced and efficient usage of fuel. Production of better quality brick by balanced heat distribution inside the kiln. 28

29 Production of hollow bricks, so as to reduce raw material usage and decrease of fuel used for firing. English Bond Cavity in the Rat-Trap bond allows a 20% reduction in the bricks used for construction. Promotion of Enhanced Techniques Promoting the use of improved brick laying methods. Using Rat-Trap bond for construction, instead of commonly used English bond. Rat-Trap Bond Improves insulation in the building. Construction cost reduced due to decrease in building material. Reduced demand allows manufacturers to focus on quality rather than quantity. And also help switch to automated production methods. 29

30 Policies and Government Intervention Improve knowledge and access to resources. Provision of demonstration and training prior to approval of license. Provision of tax cuts for manufacturers that adopt improved production techniques. Provision of financial support for smaller kiln owners for improved operation. Enforce ban on establishment of burnt clay brick kilns in states where Fly Ash (waste from thermal plants) is readily available. (Ban is currently enforced in Orissa, India) Increased awareness will allow brick kiln owners to make an informed choice. Financial incentives will help phase out FCBTK technique for mechanized methods. Waste generated from thermal plants will be recycled, thus reduce overuse of agricultural soil for brick production. 30

31 Conclusion 31

32 Conclusion Tackling of Emissions Until Manufacture and Production is Mechanized Decrease in Demand, Allows Manufacturers to Focus on Improvement of Techniques Government Intervention Provides Increased Enforcement and Monitoring 32

33 End.. Source: Brick Wall 33

34 Thank You Source: Brick Wall 34

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37 Initiatives for Improvement Agency Initiative Impact 1970 s Central Building Research Institute, Govt of India Introduced Improved Kiln Technology & Semi- Mechanization Process. No Large Scale Adoption 1990 s Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and Forest Introduced Air Emission Regulation for Brick Kilns. Successful in Phasing out highly polluting Moving Chimney Kilns Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation Introduced highly efficient Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln (VSBK) Technology. No Large Scale Adoption 2011 Air-Prevention & Pollution Control Act Prohibition to use toxic industrial waste as fuel. Frequent Non Compliance Source: Maithel et al, Shakti Foundation,