PhD Program Water Technology Groundwater Hydrology (WTEC 9309)

Transcription

1 PhD Program Water Technology Groundwater Hydrology (WTEC 9309) Topic 1: Introduction and Occurrence of Groundwater Instructor: Prof. Dr. Yunes Mogheir

2 1. Introduction Definitions and General Groundwater in the hydrologic cycle Hydrologic budget 2

3 Definitions 3

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5 SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING OF GROUNDWATER Science framework of groundwater (GW) occurrence (hydrogeology). 5

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7 Groundwater V.S. Surface water The main differences between surface and groundwater are: 1. Surface and groundwater movement. Surface waters flow in a channel with a given cross section, while groundwater flow in soil and the pores between soil particles of various shapes. In general, groundwater moves significantly slower than surface waters. Flow is fully laminar in most of the groundwater (Reynolds number, Re 1). 2. Slow movement of contaminants. The pollutions can be prevented, but it is continuously polluted. If it gets polluted then, groundwater natural treatment is a difficult process. Occasionally, the only alternative process for treatment of groundwater is to discharge, treat, and recharge it back. 3. Filtration process considering groundwater flows through the soil layers, the biological contaminants will be treated through these natural layers. 4. Sampling and monitoring of groundwater is difficult which must be done by drilling and installing observation wells. 7

8 Utilization of Groundwater Groundwater is widely used for irrigation in countries with arid and semiarid climate. The total irrigated land by groundwater in the United States is 45%. In Asia and Africa, more than 60% of land mass is irrigated by groundwater. Libya s irrigated farming is primarily from low-quality groundwater resources, several kilometers deep. More than 95% of domestic, agriculture and industrial use in Palestine is from groundwater 8

9 Basic principles of planning and management in groundwater 9

10 1.5 Groundwater in the hydrologic cycle 10

11 1.5 Groundwater in the hydrologic cycle 11

12 Hydrologic System 12

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14 Global Hydrologic System 14

15 1.6 Hydrologic budget 15

16 Hydrologic budget 16

17 Hydrologic budget 17

18 Hydrologic budget Recharge Groundwater System Discharge Predevelopment water budget diagram Pumpage Increase in Recharge Removed of water stored in the system Decrease in discharge Water budget diagram showing changes inflow for a groundwater being pumped 18

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21 2. Occurrence of Groundwater Rock Properties Affecting Groundwater Vertical Distribution of Groundwater Zone of Aeration Zone of Saturation Geological Formation as Aquifers Types of Aquifers Storage Coefficient 21

22 2.1 Rock Properties Affecting Groundwater 22

23 Porosity 23

24 Porosity 24

25 Porosity 25

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28 Soil Classification 28

29 Soil Classification 29

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32 Vertical Distribution of Groundwater 32

33 Vertical Distribution of Groundwater 33

34 Zone of Aeration 1. Soil-water zone 34

35 Zone of Aeration 2. Intermediate Vados zone 35

36 3. Capillary zone 36

37 3. Capillary zone 37

38 Zone of Saturation 1. Specific Retention 38

39 2. Specific Yeild 39

40 2. Specific Yield 40

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42 2.6 Geological Formation as Aquifers 42

43 Geological Formation as Aquifers 43

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45 2.7 Types of Aquifers 45

46 Unconfined Aquifer 46

47 Confined Aquifers 47

48 Leaky Aquifers 48

49 2.8 Storage Coefficient 49

50 Storage Coefficient 50

51 Gaza Aquifer Geological cross section number 94 Geological cross section number 95 51

52 End of Topic 1 52