DESALINATION Market & Technologies. V. Bonnélye

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1 DESALINATION Market & Technologies V. Bonnélye 9 Sept. 2008

2 WATER RESOURCES Increase in the precipitation repartition inequality over the world Source: J. Labre/Suez

3 WATER RESOURCES Global internal renewable resources per person per year Source GWI

4 DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES Two main technologies are used for seawater desalination at full scale: Thermal processes: MSF (Multi Stage Flash) and MED (Multi Effect Distillation) Membrane process: reverse osmosis Thermal processes are based on evaporation: Seawater temperature is increased, Evaporation is taking place, distilled water is collected by condensation, The warm brine is rejected from the system The thermodynamic conditions have been optimized to improve the efficiency of the système Temperature/pressure during evaporation Separation of the process in Stage or effect to optimize the evaporation according to the surface of exchanges available, including recirculation loops, intermediate heating systems

5 DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES

6 DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES Entropie, Bahrain MSF Fisia, Jebel Ali, Saoudi Arabia

7 DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES Reverse osmosis use a semi permeable membrane (hollow fibers or flat sheet installed in spiral modules): The semi permeable membrane retains most of the salts while letting the pure water flowing through; Pressure is applied on the feed water to over pass the osmotic pressure and the resistance of the membrane to the water flow; The system is fed continuously, with a continuous bleed of concentrate (brine) and collection of permeate (low salinity water) The maximum production of water is related to The flux applied on the membrane (generally L/h/m²) The recovery system (from 42 to 55%), the higher the recovery the higher the osmotic pressure on the brine part

8 DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES Example of desalination Plant (Perth, Western Australia)

9 DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES Parameter MSF MED (TVC) RO Pretreatment required Minimum Minimum Critical Chemical production Low Low highest Sludge production None None Some Scaling Notice Low Lowest Fouling Low Lowest Highest Operational complexity Lowest Low Highest Reliability High High Pretreatment dependant Electricity consumption (kwh/m3) Stream consumption (G.O.R.) 10/1 8/1 n/a Concentration factor (Brine/feed) Top brine temperature ( C) n/a Feed/product Flow (including cooling) 8/1 8/1 2.2/1 Product TDS (mg/l) <25 < Max. Capacity per unit (m3/d)

10 DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES Desalination plant capacity: the top 10 largest plants (50% under construction) Shoaiba Saoudi Arabia 880 MLD MSF 2009 Marafiq Saoudi Arabia 800 MLD MED 2011 Jebel Ali UAE 640 MLD MED 2011 Fujairah 2 UAE 590 MLD MED/RO 2011 Mactaa Algeria 500 MLD RO 2012 Shuweihat UAE 455 MLD MFS 2004 Fujairah 1 UAE 425 MLD MSF/RO 2004 Tianjin China 400 MLD MED 2011 Sulaibya Koweit 375 MLD RO 2004 Ashkelon Israel 330 MLD RO 2005 Jebel Ali UAE 320 MLD MSF 2005 Increase of the largest plant size capacity both in RO and Thermal

11 DESALINATION MARKET GROWTH Source GWI

12 DESALINATION MARKET historically Middle East North Africa, very active the last 5 years(south Africa coming soon) Desalination - Capacity by Countries THERMAL MEMBRANES PROJECT ND On-going large projects India China Australia ( MLD) Contracted m3/day Saudi Arabia USA UAE Kuwait Spain Lybia Israel Algeria Japan Quatar Italy Oman India Bahrain Korea China Iran Iraq Australia Mexico Singapore Taiwan Germany Netherland France Chile Malta Cyprus

13 DESALINATION MARKET Contracted desalination market share by technology Source GWI

14 DESALINATION MARKET Customers: 2/3 municipal 1/3 industrial application Delivery mechanism (desalination capacity) Source GWI

15 DESALINATION MARKET GROWTH Annual capital expenditure thermal vs. membrane Source GWI

16 THE DESALINATION PLAYERS Names Origin Thermal Membrane Degremont Suez Environnement Group France X Veolia (special unit for thermical : Sidem) France X X Acciona Spain X Befesa Abengoa group Spain X Inima OHL group Spain X Aqualia FCC Spain X Doosan Korea X X Fisia Italimpianti Italy X IDE Technologies Israel X X Hyflux Singapore X Biwater Great-Britain X VA Tech Wabag Austria X X Aqualyng AS Norway X Aquatech United States X X Sasakura Japan X Alfa Laval Sweden X

17 DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES Future Developments On the existing technologies: Thermal processes: Unitary capacity increase (MED), Hybrid systems optimization RO/MED Membrane/MED coupling using nanofiltration membranes, Reverse osmosis: Membrane evolution (continue), increase membrane permeability and salt rejection, Energy recovery equipments (continue) On new processes/new technologies Membrane distillation Forward osmosis Nanotechnologies