High PV penetrations in electricity grids

Transcription

1 Iain MacGill Associate Professor, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications Joint Director (Engineering), CEEM APV Workshop on Grid Integration of PV Melbourne, December 2011

2 Energy drivers then and now The impact of (World the carbon Energy price Council, on industry 2010)

3 Some good news renewables Now much policy support being wound back; what happens next? (UNEP/NEF, Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment, 2011) The impact of the carbon price on industry

4 (NREL, IEA PVPS Task 14 Presentation, 2011) 4

5 Australian PV status Perhaps 1GW of PV almost all distributed (IPART, Draft Report on Solar Feed-in Tariffs, 2011) 5

6 growing issues 6

7 PV technical issues + value very context dependent 7

8 Economic value of distributed PV Widely varying estimates from stakeholders including APVA, Productivity Commission, IPART Invariably highly simplified, context dependent and assumption driven Compared to what other options? 8

9 Domestic PV - Commercial case for stakeholders An outcome of context PV system but also electricity market arrangements (retail, perhaps wholesale) and any additional policy support 9

10 Task 14 participation 14 Countries with more coming Australian participation through APVA with ASI funding support for international collaboration Australian contributions to date from Partners including APVA, CEEM SPVRE EE&T UNSW, CSIRO, NT Power and Water Corporation, Horizon Power, CAT Projects 10

11 Overall Goal of this international collaboration Promote the use of grid connected PV as an important source in electric power systems also on a high penetration level where additional efforts may be necessary to integrate the dispersed generators in an optimum manner. Develop and verify mainly technical requirements for PV and electric power systems to allow for high penetrations of PV systems interconnected with the grid Discuss the active role of PV systems related to energy management and system control of electricity grids 11

12 High Penetration PV Definition by Task 14 High penetration situation exists if additional efforts are (would be) necessary to integrate the (planned) PV generation in an optimum manner. The aim of these efforts is to reduce the technical barriers to achieve high penetration levels of distributed renewable energy systems on the electric power system. 12

13 Australia potential lessons + contributions Many common challenges Australia a low overall PV penetration by comparison with some other countries Lessons from those countries with high PV penetrations and (at least somewhat) similar lines Some particular Australian challenges relevant to particular task members in some contexts Virtually all installed PV is small single-phase systems connected to LV network Long weak rural feeders Diesel mini-grids 13

14 (Braun, IEA PVPS Task 14 Presentation, 2011) IEA PVPS Task14 - high penetration PV 14

15 IEA PVPS - Task 14 Organization and structure PV generation in correlation to energy demand focusing on consumer behavior to be better linked to the generation profile The effects on PV generation to the local grid as well as to the general electricity system Smart inverter technology dealing with requirements for inverters at high PV penetration Convincing case studies, Best practice examples 15

16 Some Potential Australian High PV Case Studies Alice Springs Solar City Regional (50MW) grid with gas-fired generation and 3MW of PV, Case study now completed in partnership with PowerWater High PV diesel mini-grids Carnarvon Case Study now underway in partnership with Horizon Power Townsville Solar City PV with major demand management initiative Urban contexts Some preliminary analysis for Solar Cities Blacktown Other emerging opportunities 16

17 Wider objectives for case studies Engaging key stakeholders for appropriately facilitating high PV penetrations An emphasis on successful innovation for PV Case studies of Key issues arising from high PV penetrations in a range of Australian contexts successful management of these high PV penetrations Identification of future issues and options that support more proactive management in emerging high PV penetrations 17

18 18 Australi an high Case study process stakeholder engagement System questionnaire collect and collate high-level information on: the electricity supply system; photovoltaic systems connected to the network; general experiences being encountered with high levels of PV penetration on the network; specific experiences being encountered with high levels of PV penetration on the network; use the questionnaire as a basis for discussion with key stakeholders, and to identify specific high PV penetration areas/issues to focus on in more detail. Possible feeder level surveys Site visits, stakeholder meetings

19 System survey - use The questionnaire is to be used by the case study researcher as a tool/working document to facilitate discussions with key stakeholders and allow the systematic collation of information for the case study A separate feeder-level questionnaire has also been developed for collecting and collating more focussed high PV penetration information at a feeder level. The systemlevel questionnaire will be used to help identify potential feeder(s) to be the subject of more detailed consideration using this feeder-level questionnaire. Australian high PV penetration case studies 19

20 Alice Springs Case Study 20

21 PV systems 21

22 Penetration & profiles Typical Summer & winter profiles 22

23 Specific network issues 23

24 24

25 Current case study diesel grid 25

26 Some related high PV penetration efforts Solar forecasting Universities, CSIRO, commercial providers Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) interest Smart grids Distribution network service provider pilot programs Smart Grid Smart City (Ausgrid, Fed. Govt, CSIRO, tech. providers) PV integration (case studies) Range of universities, CSIRO A growing number of DNSPs PV inverter and connection standards Some revisions drawing on international & local experience How will we share knowledge and resources, provide a coherent and comprehensive response? High PV penetrations inent electricity grids 26

27 To conclude, a growing appreciation that issues are increasingly economic, commercial and regulatory, rather than strictly technical Emerging PV challenges are more a symptom than cause; most electricity industries have inappropriate arrangements for disruptive technologies NEM spot mkt has prices: our retail and network tariffs/fees aren t prices requires locational and temporally varying and uncertain spot and future prices for both energy and network services (Outhred and MacGill, 2006) major reform of interface b/n supply and demand sides of electricity industry and NSPs required before genuine price discovery can occur.. if possible at all Little apparent interest or willingness to do this to date by key players Electricity industries wrt small energy consumers, somer traditionally charge schedule of fees sufficient to deliver essential current & future access to reliable electricity supply service s.t. underlying customer class costs, wider considerations (eg. equity). In restructured industries, an unresolved question, often only limited changes What arrangements will we choose for disruptive technologies like PV, or (past) air-conditioning, or (possible future) eg. Electric Vehicles Energy at home - longer term challenges 27