Mili Majumdar, Director, Sustainable Habitat Division, TERI

Transcription

1 Mitigation and Adaptation strategies for built environment: some key approaches 2nd International Conference Responding to Climate Change, UK Indian Perspectives June 20,2012 Mili Majumdar, Director, Sustainable Habitat Division, TERI

2 Urbanization and Population Growth India's Urbanization Percentage(%) Population of India will reach from current 1.2bn to 1.4bn by 2025 Population (Millions) 1,200 1, Census Years Urban (%) Rural (%) India's Population Growth By 2030, 40.8% (600mn) of India s population will be living in urban areas compared to current 28.4% Census Years

3 Where Indian cities stand

4 Urban Sprawl Key Impacts: Urban heat island (increasing temperature impacts energy use) Urban flooding

5 Construction ignoring existing site features (biodiversity, topography, geology etc.)

6 Encroaching green areas/inadequate access and infrastructure

7 Inadequate capacities of infrastructure

8 Architecture does not reflect climate responsiveness

9 Mainstreaming adaptation and mitigation Influencing the urban planning policies, programs and legislation Sectoral policies and programs to address sector specific challenges

10 Select Facilitating mechanisms and programs to achieve the objectives Mainstreaming adaptation through resilient city planning approaches GRIHA (Green rating for integrated habitat assessment): National rating programme on green buildings Incentivising sustainable habitats (Case Study of Pimpri Chinchwad)

11 Need to Mainstream Adaptation Climate resilient cities would have the institutional, structural, social and economic capacity to withstand the impacts of climate change Cities are critical to the mitigation of and adaptation to climate change. In the Indian urban scenario, climate risks such as precipitation and temperature extremes are not only an environmental issue but have clear economic and social consequences Engaging exclusively in climate adaptation planning without focusing on mainstreaming climate considerations into development discourse would not bear desired results. Tremendous gains are to be had from mainstreaming climate risk reduction into on-going and planned investment, existing capital stock, and associated city planning, government and management practices.

12 Institutionalizing Climate Adaptation in Indian Cities Challenges Involved Lack of understanding of the impacts of climate change and the fact that adaptation interventions are best employed and covered at local level. Creating awareness amongst the local government that adaptation is synonym to their functions and their development goals Already pressing development pressures might overlook adaptation issues Lack of capacity within the local government. Development plans of cities do not factor climate change related factors in a targeted way. Integrating adaptation at municipal level would be difficult because of the perception of contest for budget. Lack of data and modeling framework at the city level Need for a robust Institutional Policy Arena To be made available to support city resilience building

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14 About Gorakhpur Medium sized city in the State of Uttar Pradesh Population -692,519 (UA area, 2011) Location N and E Height- 80m above sea level Set in the foothills of the Himalayas, in the terai region at the convergence of Rapti and Rohin rivers

15 Example: Gorakhpur Problem water logging Need to influence the Building Construction Act 2008 No customized bye laws for housing Need customized bye laws to influence housing designs Leading to buildings with no adaptation to waterlogging, flooding and dampness

16 Key urban sectors that have mitigation and adaptation potential to address climate change impacts Transport Buildings Water and sanitation Solid Waste

17 Mitigation and adaptation strategies: Urban settlements and buildings Mitigation and adaptation strategies Low carbon transport Reduction in embodied energy by deploying efficient construction methods and techniques Sustainable urban drainage systems and adequate green spaces Alternative sources of energy Reduction in demand of energy for thermal comfort and illumination by climate responsive design Utilizing efficient mechanical and electrical systems and products for thermal comfort and illumination

18 Buildings: GHG emissions reduction potential for buildings stock in 2020

19 Current approaches to enable sustainable built environment Policy and regulatory approaches/national programs and plans Environmental clearance Energy Conservation building code Mandates on green rating National mission on sustainable habitats Voluntary and market driven approaches Green building rating systems Appliance labeling (partly mandatory) Lack of integration and uniformity and clarity on application domain (e.g. ECBC does not talk about residential buildings); Environmental clearance is a nightmare for many builders; piecemeal approach results in islands of excellence in a sea of environmental chaos; implementation challenges

20 GRIHA (Green rating for integrated habitat assessment): National rating programme on green buildings, a change agent

21 GRIHA-Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment Tool to facilitate design, construction, operation of a green building,and in turn.measure greenness of a building in India What gets measured gets managed

22 GRIHA as a change agent in site management and design approach and a tool to promote adaptation/mitigation

23 Preserve protect vegetation and reduce paved areas: controls urban heat island

24 Reduced paving and green spaces

25 Reduced paving and green spaces: difficult to implement in urban areas due to conflicting statutory requirements

26 Mulching to be done on stored top soil for its preservation Tree preservation done, area around tree barricaded

27 Pervious paving

28 Sustainable urban drainage/rain water harvesting to reduce flooding

29 The frequency of heavy precipitation events has increased over most land areas Rainfall in Mumbai (India), 2005: 1 million people lost their homes

30 SUDS strategies

31 Promoting adaptive comfort and energy efficiency: GRIHA approach

32 GRIHA Compliant Building: ECBC Energy saving potential in a ECBC and GRIHA compliant building ECBC Compliance: Insulation High Performance glass Controls Efficient electrical, mechanical and lighting systems Incremental cost: 15% Payback period < 5 years conventional building ECBC compliant building GRIHA compliant building GRIHA Compliance: ECBC + Passive principles (shading, orientation, controlled glass area) Higher indoor design conditions (higher by 1 deg C) Optimized lighting design No further incremental cost Payback period: < 4 years

33 Indoor Design Conditions C/50% 23C/60% 24C/50% 24C/60% 25C/50% 25C/60% 26C/50% 26C/60% 1 0 C decrease in temperature increases cooling load by 3.5%

34 Adaptive comfort in Non AC buildings Indians have a higher tolerance threshold for heat and cold because we live in non AC homes and in hotter climates. Adaptive comfort is now being given priority internationally as well, so as to reduce AC energy requirement, which comprises the highest percentage in commercial and residential building energy consumption Table 9: Desirable Wind Speeds (m/s) for Thermal Comfort Conditions Clause Dry Bulb Relative humidity percentages Temperature oc None Higher than those acceptable in practice

35 Energy Performance Indices These are merely the passing marks that a building must attain to get graded. One needs to significantly cross this level to get higher marks under GRIHA. Every 10% reduction below the mentioned level yields two additional points

36 How does GRIHA make a difference? 200kwhr/sq m/annum 45 lpd 100kwhr/sq m/annum 31.5 lpd Typical office building- 8 hr use Passive architectural design Daylight integration Shaded windows Roof insulation RE integration Solar water heaters Low flow fixtures 30% - 50% reduction in energy consumption compared to GRIHA benchmarks % reduction in building water consumption compared to GRIHA base case At no/negligible incremental cost

37 First 5 star rated GRIHA building in IIT Kanpur (RE integration)

38 Pimpri Chinchwad New Town Development Authority (PCNTDA) Pune ECBC compliant envelope and systems Well shaded envelope with 75% areas day lit Efficient water fixtures and recharge of ground water Efficient lighting with controls 100% electricity through Solar PVs

39 PCNTDA Pune 100% Renewable energy (SPV) installed on site- 100 KW

40 Civil Services Officers Institute, Chanakyapuri Wall insulation in ground floor AAC blocks used for upper floors Double Glass Units meeting GRIHA SHGC requirements Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) on site Dual plumbing Efficient water fixtures Efficient lighting with controls Solar PVs and Solar Water Heater installed

41 Civil Services Officers Institute, Chanakyapuri Renewable energy (SPV and SWH) installed on site

42 HAREDA Akshay Urja Bhawan Chandigarh Roof insulation High performance glazing meeting GRIHA SHGC requirements Building Management System (BMS) VRV systems 42 KW of RE (SPV) Efficient lighting with controls

43 Looking beyond buildings :Goals for large developments(upcoming variant for GRIHA) Carrying capacity of land with respect to water availability and green cover provision Setting carbon footprint goals and compare with national benchmarks and plan developments ensuring that carbon footprint not exceeded Land suitability with respect to planned development

44 Benefits 1 million sqm of GRIHA 5 star certified project can save Enough electricity to power about 10,000 urban homes Enough water to meet needs of 3000 urban homes

45 Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission: Targets S. No. Application Phase 1 ( ) Targets Phase 2 ( ) Phase 3 ( ) 1 Solar Thermal Collectors 7 million square meters 15 million square meters 20 million square meters 2 Off Grid Solar Applications 3 Grid Power including roof top and small plants Source: JNNSM Guidelines 200 MW 1000 MW 2000 MW 1100 MW 9000 MW MW

46 GRIHA meets objectives of key government policies and programs Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Solar buildings program for energy efficient buildings GRIHA- national building rating system (partly mandatory) Solar cities programme Incentives for integration of renewable energy & GRIHA Ministry of Urban Development National Mission on Sustainable Habitats energy efficiency in buildings management of solid waste accelerating modal shift to mass transport Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Power Energy Conservation Building Code (voluntary) Appliance labeling (partly mandatory) Star rating programme for existing buildings (rates commercial buildings on energy performance) Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Maharashtra Partly mandatory to comply with GRIHA Incentives for GRIHA Ministry of Environment & Forests Environmental Clearance (Mandatory) Resource (energy, water) efficiency integral part of clearance ECBC mandatory Central Public Works Department/ Thiruvananthapuram PWD Mandatory to comply with GRIHA Revised specification, schedules and plinth area rates

47 GRIHA has been recognized by CPWD schedules and specifications are being revised as per GRIHA benchmarks The Cabinet of the Government of Delhi has passed a resolution to make all future buildings minimum 3 Star GRIHA compliant. The Public Works Department of Thiruvananathapuram, Kerela has decided to adopt GRIHA and give tax reduction to various categories of green buildings. The Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation (PCMC), Maharashtra has adopted GRIHA for mandatory compliance in Government projects. The PCMC has committed to provide financial incentives to developers (upto 50% rebate in premium paid by developers to the municipal body for 5-Star GRIHA compliance) and occupants of GRIHA compliant projects (property tax rebate of 10%, valid for 5 years).

48 PCMC endorses GRIHA Rebate on premium for developers Property tax rebate for occupants/ owners of GRIHA compliant homes

49 Role of PCMC Setting up of Environmental Cell at PCMC Release of financial incentives: Rebate on Premium GRIHA Star Rating Points achieved Discount in premium * % For the first 25 projects ** % *** % **** % ***** % 10 % rebate on property tax for 5 years (subject to compliance with GRIHA)

50 Impact of Premium rebate on PCMC revenues Annual revenue through Premium: RS. 100 crores Revenue invested in through 3 star GRIHA compliance: Rs. 4 crores Indirect benefits from complying with GRIHA 3-star 35% reduction in quantity of potable water required 35% reduction in amount of waste water generated 15% of treated waste water shall be used for various applications in new buildings

51 Impact of Property tax rebate (typical case) Benefits to end users For an average flat of 1000 sq.ft having to pay base annually, a rebate of Rs600/year shall be offered For a property of 50,000 sq.ft (about 50 flats), a tax rebate of Rs.30000/year is proposed. For a property of 4, 00,000 sq.ft, (about 400 flats) a tax rebate of Rs /year is proposed. Indirect benefits from complying with GRIHA 3-star Rain water harvesting Solid waste management Use of solar thermal systems

52 Conclusion Benefits through appropriate adaptation and mitigation is a goal that can be achieved with a holistic thinking Awareness and integrated approach yields maximum benefits Implementation challenges are there but can be overcome with innovative thinking. Existing processes need modification to accommodate climate change concerns

53 Thank you