Biomass Conversion to Value added Fuels, Chemicals and Products

Transcription

1 Biomass Conversion to Value added Fuels, Chemicals and Products D.K.Sharma Centre for Energy Studies Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi

2 AGENDA Energy scenario in the World Biofuels options Biomass Conversion Technologies Research work in the area of biofuels Future Scope Conclusions 2

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4 Our Fossil Fuel Dependency Fossil fuels supply about 80-90% of the primary energy world over. The fossil fuels generated in millions of years have been exhausted in years and may be ultimately depleted one day. The combustion of fossil fuels also generates lot of CO 2 A Green House gas, responsible for Global Warming.

5 Meeting the Challenges of Climate Change- UNFCC, IPCC- Paris Meet in Dec.2015 Under Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) or voluntary goals for reducing carbon footprints India has pledged to reduce 35 % emission from 2005 levels by Present Govt. intends to add 175 GW renewable energy including 100 GW of solar energy by Energy sector emissions account for 2/3 rd of the global carbon footprint growth. ( HT 22/10/2015). Climate Action Tracker which includes Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research feels that even if all the promised cuts are included even then the temperatures may rise by Deg. C. A 2 Deg. C rise may entail a sea level rise by 4 feet.( TOI 24/10/2015). US, EU, Russia, China & Japan are major contributors to green house gas emissions : Industrial Revolution 1850 to date.

6 There is an increasing thrust on Biosequestration of CO 2 by growing more trees to arrest the ill effects of global warming. Fuel Wood Farming by growing the faster growing trees such as Poplar or Short Rotation Forestry are common examples. Woody Biomass supplies about 80-90% of energy needs in some of the underdeveloped countries. Unique role of biomass: Fossil fuels such as Oil and Natural Gas supply not only fuels but also feedstocks for Chemical, Petrochemical, Fertilizer, Pharmaceuticals etc. industries. Therefore, their this role cannot be totally replaced by other renewable sources of energy which can supply only energy.

7 Biomass energy sources have real potential to heighten energy security in regions without abundant fossil fuel reserves, to increase supplies of liquid transportation fuels and to decrease net emissions of carbon into the atmosphere per unit of energy delivered. First Generation biofuels- Ethanol from wheat starch, sugar crops, vegetable oil etc. Second Generation biofuels- Biodiesel from oilseeds- soybean, palm, sun flower, Jatropha, Pongamia oil and biogas. Third Generation biofuels- Biodiesel from microalgae, ethanol, biogas etc. From microalgae, macroalgae, aquatic biomass etc. Ethanol from agroresidues, switch grass etc. Future Generation biofuels- Hydrogen from algae, hydrolysates, glucose etc. Fuels from pyrolytic oils, coprocessing of fuels, nano fuels. R&D work is required on the biomass conversion engineering on the same scale as was done in the semiconductor, electronics, telecommunication etc. Industries. Vital Breakthroughs

8 Bioethanol Biomass based electricity generation Biohydrogen Biodiesel Biomass to Energy Algal Biodiesel Biogas Gasification of biomass Liquefaction of biomass

9 Sources of Biomass 9

10 Biomass Conversion Options Availability of biomass may be one of the major issues in planning any strategies for biomass utilization. However production of biomas by Photosynthesis is one of the best options for the Biosequestration of Carbon Dioxide. The growing of Switch grass or Guinea grass may have a potential through C4 pathway of Photosythesis. Assuming that with the advancement of research in agriculture, botany, physiology, photosynthesis, genetic engineering, tissue culture and other biotechnological or horticulture techniques. Plenty of biomass can be made available on the lands or as aquatic biomass, then a selection of technologies for Biomass Conversion may be made. There are three main routes which are available for biomass conversion to other Value Added Chemicals, fuels, and other products. These are 1) Chemical Conversion 2) Thermochemical Conversion 3) Biochemical Conversion

11 Global biofuel production in 2016 ( accessed on June 01, 2018) The total global biofuel production is increasing and this reached almost 82 billion metric tons of oil equivalent. US 35,779 thousand metric tons of oil equivalent Brazil 18,552 thousand metric tons of oil equivalent Germany 3,198 thousand metric tons of oil equivalent Indonesia 2,828 thousand metric tons of oil equivalent Argentina 2503 thousand metric tons of oil equivalent The US is having one of the highest bioenergy capacity in the world. About 13, 764 megawatts in 2015 with almost 41 % of total biofuel production world over. Global biofuel production increased from 9.4 million metric tons oil equivalents in 2000 to 74.8 million metric tons oil equivalents in 2015.

12 Global Biodiesel Production in 2016 ( Accessed on June 01, 2018) USA : 5.5 Billion liters ( May reach 1 Billion gallons by 2025, Tax incentives. Brazil : 3.8 Billion liters Germany : 3 Billion liters Indonesia : 3 Billion liters Argentina : 3 Billion liters etc. Export of biodiesel

13 Global Bioethanol production in 2017 (in million gallons) ( accessed on June 01, 2018): US Brazil 7060 European Union 1415 China 875 Canada 450 India ( eighth) 280

14 Biogas Programme MAJOR AIMS Sanitation Cleaner Fuel Good Manure Lighting Motive Power Enrichment through scrubbing off carbon dioxide

15 Top 5 countries producing biogas ( accessed on June 13, 2018). World Bioenergy Association ( China USA Thailand India Canada EU produces almost half ( 28.9 billion NM3) of the total biogas produced in the world ( 58.7 billion NM 3 ). Average growth of 11.2 % between 2000 and 2014.

16 Development of Integrated Processes for Obtaining Bioethanol from Agroresidues Acidic and enzymatic hydrolysis of agroresidues for production of ethanol Dilute and Conc. HCl and H2SO4 hydrolysis Prehydrolysis followed by main hydrolysis Lignin utilization Phenolation (1989), Polyurethanes, Aromatics, Aerobic- Anaerobic - Co-culture - Biodegradation of lignins ( Mixed Culture ): 1990s. Recovery of lignins from black liquor Value added chemicals and fuels from lignins

17 Hydrocarbons and Alcohols from Petrocrops [Latex bearing plants] [Calotropis procera, Croton bonplandianum, Tabernaemontana divaricata. Biogas from spent residues etc. Photosynthesis extends up to hydrocarbon biosynthesis -Triterpenes Hydrocracking/cracking of terpenes to obtain petroleum like hydrocarbons Biodegradation of latex to lower hydrocarbons Pittosporum resiniferum Copaifera multijuga Pine Calotropis procera Eucalyptus -Triterpenes Co-cracking of biomass with Plastics, [HDPE, Polypropylene, Bakelites, PVC], petroleum vaccum residues, Bituminous coal

18 Enzymatic hydrolysis of Agroresidues and Fruit wastes for production of ethanol Production of Cellulase enzyme [SSF process]. Use of Tween 80 in the enzymatic hydrolysis of the LCB, SEM studies on cellulase enzyme Mechanism of enzymatic hydrolysis Production of superactive cellulase enzyme through symbiotic co-culturing of fungi Studies on the identification of signaling molecules for the induction of cellulase enzyme Proteomics studies on the metabolism during biosynthesis of cellulase enzymes Use of organic acids in the hydrolysis of biomass- -Oxalic acid Production of lesser inhibiting compounds

19 Co-cracking of biomass with Jatropha curcas oil Kinetics studies and use of catalysts, GC-MS,NMR studies of products Creaking of Jatropha oil with HDPE and Petroleum Vacuum Residue [Catalysts- ZSM 5 +SiAl, ZSM 5, Ni-Mo/SiAl and FCC catalysts] Kinetics studies and product characterization Collaboration with Prof. M: Crocker; Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky; USA:

20 JO + HDPE ZSM 5 +SiAl Biogasoline + Green Diesel Synergism/Activation energy (C 7 -C 11 ) 43-45% (C 12 -C 22 ) 49% VR + HDPE FCC catalyst Green Diesel Synergism/Activation energy 70% JO + Bagasse Aliphatic oil + Asprin + Amentadine +Etamiphylline (Drug sources) [Deoxygenation, Decarboxylation and H- Exchange reactions ] Kinetics studies : 3-4 phases of cracking reactions between the degradation moieties. Bond cleavages and reaction controls Reaction engineering, Kinetics controls.

21 Cracking of JO to obtain Biofuels using HZSM 5 catalyst /Ni-Mo-SiAl as catalysts 10% increase in Liquid products/ biofuels production Process intensification studies Co-hydrocracking of petroleum vacuum gas oil with Jatropha oil Collaboration with Indian Oil Corporation, R and D centre, Faridabad [2 patents including a US PATENT] Use of carbon (Tea leaves) based Ni-Mo catalyst Green Catalyst Use of pea pods and Jatropha leaves for catalyst preparation. Production of Biodiesel Comparison of the use of Acid catalyst and Lipase enzyme Comparison of fuel characterisitics of green diesel and biodiesel

22 Production of Biodiesel from algal species Scenedesmus obliquus, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlamydomonas rheinhardtii, Botryococcus braunii etc. Co-culture of Green algae and Blue green algae : Studies of the N-exchange between algae, signaling molecules, metabolomics, lipidomics, etc.

23 Proteomics studies on the Metabolic systems during N-, S-, P- etc. Stress for enhancing the yield of Lipids from green algae.. Studies on the algal microbial fuel cells : Use of green algae and cyanobacterium Hydrocarbons and lipids from Botryococcus braunii Development of cost effective nutrient media Biosequestration of CO2 using algae and chemoautotrophs q

24 Production of biogas from (a)spent residue of Petrocrops and (b)spent residues from biodiesel production H2 production : H2 production from co-metabolism of Rhodospirrulum rubrum and Scenedesmus obliquus Production of H2 from spirulina sp. and its use in carbon fuel cells

25 Scale of the consumption of fossil fuels in the World : Daily consumption of oil and liquid fuels in the world is about 96 million barrels per day- IEA market report Total world coal consumption 21 million tonnes/ day Total world gas consumption-110 trillion cubic feet Since the scale of consumption of fossil fuels in the world is huge, therefore, there may be a need to generate biomass at a very huge scale which would require lot of land area and water resources Vertical farming.

26 Conclusions There is a need to grow more biomass by avoiding the food versus fuel There is a need to develop a super active cellulase enzyme possibly through coculturing of different fungi and bacteria. All the five acohols should be fermented to obtain ethanol Reducing reaction Time. Potential petrocrops may be exploited to obtain peroleum like fuels, alcohol and biogas. There is a wide scope of developing more catalysts for co-cracking of biomass, seed oils and plastics etc. to obtain biogasoline, green diesel and value added chemicals. There is a need to study the symbiotic interactions between green algae and cyanobacterium, photosynthetic bacteria etc. for the N-exchange between the microbes and for the production of hydrogen.

27 Co-culturing of chemoautotrophic bacteria with acidogenic green algae may help in the biosequestration of CO2 especially by using acidic wastewater from mines or industries

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