Path to Net-Zero a step-up approach to transform the housing market

Transcription

1 Path to Net-Zero a step-up approach to transform the housing market Anil Parekh Technical Seminar Building Envelope Council Ottawa Region (BECOR) 1 Outline Definitions Project scope and objectives Framework Summary results Discussions 2 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 1

2 Canadian Housing Stock 3 Canadian Housing Stock 13.2 million New homes 190,000 /year. About 85% of housing stock is at least 15 years old. Apartment > 5 storeys 9% Mobile 2% Apartment < 5 storeys 18% Single-detached 55% Row 11% Semi-detached 5% 4 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 2

3 Canadian Residential Sector Annual residential energy use is 1,447 PJ about $24 billion a year. Energy Use by Sectors (energy use in PJ) Residential Agriculture, 215, Buildings, , 2% 16% Transportation, Commercial/Inst , 29% Buildings, , 13% GHG Emissions by Sectors (GHG Emissions in Mt) Agriculture, 14.3, Residential 3% Buildings, 74.3, 15% Commercial/Inst Buildings, 64.5, 13% Transportation, 179.4, 35% Industry, 168.5, 34% Source: Energy Use Data Handbook, 1990 to Natural Resources Canada Industry, , 40% Source: Energy Use Data Handbook, 1990 to Natural Resources Canada 5 Annual Energy Use in Typical Home Based on the current conventional construction practices average per household is about 137 GJ - average cost of $2,100 per household. Appliances 17% Lighting 3% Hot water 14% Space heating 63% 6 Space cooling 3% BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 3

4 Trends in Housing NZEH R-2000 Housing Stock Vintage Energy Consumption Index (MJ/DD m2 Floor Area) 7 Definitions 8 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 4

5 A quick refresher What is EnerGuide Rating System? Rating system to assess and rank the energy efficiency of a home Based on the systems approach of house as a system includes all components and systems with their interdependent effects Applicable to low-rise residential buildings Predominantly considers fixed and permanent fixture of a home for energy evaluations (envelope components, space heating, hot water and ventilation systems) Resilient, repeatable and robust 9 EnerGuide Rating System Definition EnerGuide _ Rating = 100 Equivalent _ Total _ Energy _ Consumption Re ference _ Energy _ Consumption * 20 Rating scale 10 Ranges from 0 to represents zero energy use on an annual basis 0 represents very inefficient home 58 = average existing house 73 = average new house 80 represents R-2000 energy level ERS = 0 ERS =100 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 5

6 EnerGuide Rating and Energy Consumption Annual Energy Consumption, GJ/year EGH Rating Each ERS point is about 3.5 to 6.5 GJ 11 Definition Path to Net-Zero A home that produces as much energy as it uses on an annual basis (All energy used in a home, including that for heating, hot water, ventilation, air conditioning and all miscellaneous electrical consumption) New Communities Self-Sufficient and Sustainable Marketable Innovations and Industry Capacity for Net Zero (80) 80 (86) 83 (90) 90 (100) 100 (100) 12 Code requirement Industry capacity BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 6

7 Getting to Net Zero Energy Consumption 100%- 67%- 33%- Energy Efficiency Renewable Energy Supply Current R-2000/ Approx. Net Zero Average EnergyStar Maximum Energy New performance Performance Performance Construction w/ Efficiency Alone EnerGuide Rating 13 Net Zero Energy Housing Stnd Const Practice NZE Housing NZE elements + $60,000 to $110,000 Goal: Market Viable NZE Housing. R&D required to determine how best to reduce costs through application of: technologies, systems, design, modelling, tech transfer + 14 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 7

8 100%- 67%- 33%- Proven Demonstration New Home Inspiration The Minto EcoHome Overall Energy Use (GJ/Year) As per OBC-2006 As per OBC-2012 Upgrade Envelope Reduce Baseloads and Efficient HVAC Note: Energy estimates from as-built specifications. Add Solar DHW Add Solar Combi 15 Install PV Proven Demonstration New Home Inspiration The Minto EcoHome 100% OBC % 80% OBC 2012 Getting to Net Zero Energy Consumption Energy Efficiency Renewable Energy Supply Current R-2000/ Approx. Net Zero Average EnergyStar Maximum Energy New performance Performance Performance w/ Efficiency Alone Construction EnerGuide Rating Energy Consumption 70% Envelope Upgrades 60% 50% Reduce Base Loads 40% Solar DHW 30% Solar Combi 20% 10% PV 0% Note: Energy Estimates from as-built specifications and without any cost optimization. EnerGuide Ratings (ERS) 16 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 8

9 Proposed Demonstration Existing Home Vancouver GreenShift General information footprint = 17 x 6 m (55 x 20 ft) 4/12 roof, no significant eave framed w/2x4 walls poured concrete basement single pane windows Note: Energy Estimates from planned specifications. 17 Path to net zero-energy energy house Minimise space heat and hot water loads How? - passive solar design, insulation levels, airtightness, heat generators also consider cooling needs electricity consumption How? ventilation systems, appliances, energy and load management, integrated approaches Maximise Renewable energy (solar thermal, solar electric, wind, bio-mass and other) contribution to the house s heating and electricity supply 18 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 9

10 House as a system Source: Gordon Howell 19 Baseline current and proposed codes Manitoba Prescriptive requirements close to ERS 78 by 2011 British Columbia Target set for BC Building Code to require ERS 77 by 2011 Nova Scotia Target set for BC Building Code to require ERS 80 by 2010 Ontario Ontario Building Code: Demonstrated Design to ERS 80 or Prescriptive Efficiency Measures 20 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 10

11 Building Envelope 21 Advanced framing layouts Rationalized framing Standard sizing and field guides Well defined and training and guides available Insulation methods Windows optimize Solar gains for heating / shades for cooling Window/wall interface design details and construction Attic ceiling insulation opportunities Airtightness Source: CMHC Equilibrium Home Riverdale, Edmonton, AB 22 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 11

12 23 Source: CMHC Equilibrium Home Riverdale, Edmonton, AB 24 Source: CMHC Equilibrium Home Riverdale, Edmonton, AB BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 12

13 Getting to Net Zero Efficient Building Envelope R51 Walls (Double Stud) R48 Foundation Walls R90 Ceiling Triple Glazed Windows (W,S, E) Quad Glazed Windows (N) Achieves ERS Source: Gordon Howell What to do with thick walls? Living space penalty Ranges from 3% to 9% of living space area even at a low-cost of $100/sqft - $6K to $20K So, there is a need for high R-value dense insulation materials 26 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 13

14 Standard 2x6 Standard 2x6 with Siding Standard 2x6, 19" o/c RSI per mm thickness x10-3 Standard 2x6 with siding, 19"o/c Standard 2x6, 24" o/c Standard 2x6 with siding, 24"o/c Standard 2x6, R22 Standard 2x6 with Siding, R22 Standard 2x6, R22, 19" o/c Standard 2x6 with Siding, R22, 19"o/c Standard 2x6, R22, 24" o/c Standard 2x6 with Siding, R22, 24"o/c 2x4 with Insulated Sheathing, Brick 2x4 with Insulated Sheathing, Siding 2x4 with Insulated Sheathing, R14, 2x4 with Insulated Sheathing, R14, 2x4 with 4" Insulated Sheathing 2x6 with Insulated Sheathing 2x6 with BASF Products VIP with siding 1950s Retrofit SIP 2x4 with Can-Cell Insulation 2x6 with EIFS 2x4 with Polyisocyanurate 2x4 and 2x6 Combined Insulated Concrete Forms Wall Assembly 27 Insulation approaches 28 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 14

15 Insulation Materials 29 Power of Vacuum 30 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 15

16 12.5 Fiberglass EPS 10.5 R36 1 VIP 31 Vacuum Insulation Panel 32 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 16

17 Wall Mock Up Super-E E Demonstration (Japan) 33 NRC Lab Work VIP Wall Assembly Concepts and Mock-up Source: IRC/NRC 34 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 17

18 35 36 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 18

19 37 Mechanical Systems 38 Loads and system sizing very important Space heating what works best for the location and high efficiency appliances Domestic hot water drain water heat recovery Ventilation one of the key cost increment, exploring for opportunities for low-cost systems Air distribution key part of electrical loads Air conditioning common in many parts of the country Integration of these appliances advantages of system efficiency - ekocomfort BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 19

20 Electrical Efficiency Energy Efficient Appliances Stove/oven, refrigerator, clothes dryer, clothes washer Using the most efficient EnerGuide rated appliances Energy Efficient Lighting compact fluorescents, LEDs task lighting day lighting through windows Energy Efficient Motors ventilation, heating Control of Phantom Electrical Loads Uses only 4500 kwh (about $500 per year) (conventional is 9058 kwh, about $1000 per year) 39 Appliances Rapidly increasing energy use in the housing sector. Kitchen appliances Clothe washers and dryers Entertainment and home office Opportunities Evaluate Energy Star (or better) appliances Costs Stand by losses 40 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 20

21 Water Efficiency + Heat Recovery To reduce consumption of water and the energy used to heat it Household hot water consumption: average: 225 L per day can be reduced to 100 litres of hot water per day low flow shower heads and faucets Water conserving dishwasher Water conserving clothes washer Drain water heat recovery reduces water heating to equivalent of 90 L/d 41 The Power of Solar Solar thermal solar electric systems Integration of passive solar design Active solar systems for DHW & space heating PV electric supply systems Improved daylighting (for improved living quality) Natural cooling and solar/glare control Clean energy solutions Micro wind generator Combined heat and power 42 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 21

22 Getting to Net Zero through Technology Solar Thermal System Combined home and water heating High-efficiency flat-plate collectors mounted on a vertical tilt litres of water storage in basement for home heating 300 litres of hot water storage for water heating Result EGH PhotoVoltaic System 28 Sanyo 200 W PV modules 5600 W in bright sunshine Grid-dependent, exports to grid every day of the year No battery bank Result EGH Research Project Path to net-zero energy homes Regional Cost-Optimization Study of Progressively Improving Energy Efficiency Towards Net Zero Houses 44 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 22

23 Research Project Path to Net-Zero 45 Regional Cost-Optimization Study of Progressively Improving Energy Efficiency towards Net Zero Houses establish the framework and methodology baseline energy performance and costing based on regional preferences for the current building code (as applied now) and reaching towards ERS-80 methodology and demonstrate techniques to achieve the cost-effective path to reducing total energy by %. Aims to develop regionally-sensitive recommendations to achieve improvements in energy efficiency and to the net-zero energy Key Tasks 1. Identify current building practices in different regions 2. Identify conventional and increased insulation construction details 3. Develop load profiles 4. Identify regionally appropriate Energy Technology options 5. Develop most cost-effective packages to reach energy milestones 46 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 23

24 Method Each study involves the following steps: Develop the regionally-specific three detached and one attached archetypes (modify the main archetype files) Preliminary analysis for at least 3 options for each energy efficiency milestones based on regional construction practices (thermal descriptors, energy efficiency levels, costing data and ROI analysis) Consultations with builders and service providers (feasibility, constructability, barriers, market acceptance) Revised analysis along with at least two options for achieving each energy efficiency milestone Develop regional specific instruction module 47 Status Progress to date established preliminary set of methods and framework Completed southern Ontario (GTA, London area) study Nova Scotia study consultations with builders completed, revised analysis and construction packages being reviewed by builders. consultations with builders and service providers Schedule NS study complete by March 2010 OPA study by May 2010 replicate for other regions (2010) 48 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 24

25 Key results Sothern Ontario / GTA area 49 Archetype Houses Four archetype houses were used from plans commissioned by NRCan Archetype Descriptions For GTA Region Study Description Liveable Area m² (s.f.) Archetype 1 One storey with full basement 177 (1900) Archetype 2 Two storey with full basement and > 201 (2160) 15% window area Archetype 3 Two storey slab on grade 195 (2100) Archetype 4 Two storey end row house with full basement 139 (1500) 50 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 25

26 Baseline and Progressive Reductions Each archetype is modelled for: Baseline (ERS 75 OBC 2006); ERS 80; ERS 80 25%; ERS 80 50%; ERS 80 75%; 100% reduction The following information is presented for each progressive level of reductions for each archetype: Summary of energy reduction measures Reductions on fuel consumption Impact of increased insulation levels Impact of Alternate Energy Technologies (AET) and Renewable Energy Technologies (RET) Impact of load management Cost optimization (10 and 20 years) - Projected Operating Costs with Estimated Premium for Energy Reduction Measures Net Present Value 51 Fuel Rates An average of current fuel rates was determined via an on-line survey of fuel and power providers in the GTA region, carried out in March For illustrative planning purposes, the current rate was used to estimate fuel costs for years 1-5. for years 6-10 the initial rate was multiplied by 150%, and for years 11-20, the years 6-10 rates were multiplied by 150%. Electricity $/kwh Natural gas $/m³ Years 1 5 Years 6 10 Years BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 26

27 Assemblies and Mechanicals Using the builder consultations and input, house form, assemblies and mechanical systems were developed to achieve the targeted energy efficiency levels: A variety of possible super-insulated and advanced wall assemblies are created. Current installed costs associated with various mechanical systems are also compiled. Construction costing was complied using the local surveys. Cost includes material and labour. 53 Energy Modelling Tools HOT2000 (v.10.31) is used for energy analysis. Modified ERS* used for the Equilibrium Initiative was used for the Net Zero Calculations The performance and sizing parameters for at least 6 m 2 collector solar hot water system and the PV systems associated with each house in various scenarios are based on RETScreen results. 54 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 27

28 Financial Valuation Methods Accepted methods of analyzing return on investment (Net Present Value in this instance) assess the attractiveness of an investment against the baseline ERS 80. Planning assumptions for cost of capital are included in the calculation of ROI (Net Present Value). A high hurdle rate of 7% is used in order to generate conservative results. 55 Archetype 2 2 Storey w/basement 56 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 28

29 Measures for Each Reduction in Space and Water Heating Loads 57 Measures for Each Reduction in Space and Water Heating Loads 2-storey home 58 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 29

30 59 Impact of Increased Insulation Levels Aggregate Reductions in Space Conditioning Energy Use, MJ 60 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 30

31 Impact of Alternate Energy Technologies (AET) and Renewable Energy Technologies (RET) The drainwater heat recovery unit can save up to about 73 m 3 of natural gas annually (equivalent to 2.8 GJ). AET and RET measures are carried out only in the 75% and 100% reductions after all envelope improvements are carried out. The 6.8 kwp PV system introduced in the 100% reduction scenario produces enough power annually to compensate for the energy used by the natural gas fired water heater that provides back up to the solar thermal combination space and water heating system. 61 Energy Reductions Through AET and RET 50% better 75% better Net Zero Design heat loss Btu/hr 37,000 No change No change Design heat loss W 10,838 No change No change Space heating MJ 28,286 7,240 7,240 Ventilation MJ 3,293 1,411 1,411 DHW MJ 15,064 14,928 14,928 Baseload MJ 31,536 31,536 13,140 Total MJ 78,179 55,115 36,719 Total MJ PV production 36,000 Target reduction from ERS 80 59,186 29, BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 31

32 Utility Costs Projected Operating Costs with Estimated Premium for Energy Reduction Measures 2006 Code ERS 80 ERS 80 25% ERS 80 50% ERS 80 75% ERS % Difference in cost from ERS 80 Base $7,750 $17,170 $30,857 $83,757 Current annual gas & electric cost $2,133 $1,638 $1,477 $1,070 $944 -$1,638 Year 6: fuel cost increase 1 $3,199 $2,458 $2,216 $1,605 $1,415 -$2,458 Year 11: fuel cost increase 2 $4,799 $3,686 $3,324 $2,407 $2,123 -$3,686 Total projected operating costs over 10 yrs Total projected operating costs over 20 yrs $26,660 $20,480 $18,465 $13,375 $11,794 -$20480 $74,650 $57,340 $51,705 $37,445 $33,022 -$57, Key Market Specific Findings 64 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 32

33 Improve Typical Assemblies First The Ontario new home market is price/location driven first, and specification driven second (by consumers). The production housing market in Ontario tends to deal inadequately with dramatic changes. Therefore The most effective starting point is to improve typical assemblies before looking at the use of different materials. Modifying typical wall assemblies allows production builders to quickly and easily compare cost differences, as the original assembly is familiar and a revised assembly would be easy to benchmark within current costing databases. 65 Market and Labour Constraints airtightness goal is difficult to meet extreme price sensitivity of the market (housing as a commodity) scheduling concerns labour and union resistance to new construction methods 66 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 33

34 Major Shift in Focus Away from Space Heating As the envelope improvements reduce the heating load, the relationships between the various end uses change in the house. Appliances and other internal gains, such as occupants and available passive solar gain begin to play a stronger role in the space heating regime. 67 Solar & PV Makes Sense Solar ready features (pre-plumbing, pre-wiring) are achievable in cost-effective manners and also provide marketing opportunities. Current costs for renewables, such as PV, are not in line with production builder pricing at this point, but preparation for these items makes sense as building envelope improvements are made. Need for the Solar and PV market industry, installers, service providers 68 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 34

35 Retrofit Opportunity 69 Deep Retrofits The Now House project turned a 60-year-old WWII house into a near zero energy home one that produces almost as much energy as it uses. The Now House is located in Topham Park, Toronto. The home is a 1200 square foot, 1-1/2 storey, detached structure in a community of 200 similar homes. It was built in The Now House project is a collaboration of designers, architects, engineers, homeowners and sustainable building experts. BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 35

36 Deep Retrofits After Retrofits After Retrofits 27% Insulation Measures 47% Solar Electric Solar Contribution 19% Solar Thermal HVAC Measures HVAC Measures 7% Insulation Measures As Is Annual Energy Consumption, GJ What can we do? Ready for moving towards Net Zero House! Build houses as energy efficient and solar friendly as possible! Start with a comprehensive integrated approaches House as a System approach provides cost-effective solutions Engage service providers, trades and owners and various stakeholders Our challenge is to 72 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 36

37 Incremental Cost Profile $130,000 $120,000 $110,000 $100,000 $90,000 $80,000 $70,000 $60,000 $50,000 $40,000 $30,000 $20,000 $10,000 $- Base ERS 80 25% better 50% better 75% better Net-Zero Estimated Incremental Cost, $ 73 Levels of Energy Performance Discussions 74 BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 37

38 For further Information Anil Parekh Phone: BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 38