Monitoring air pollution and public information in Paris Region. Karine LEGER, Directrice Partenariats et communication EIONET 24-25/10/16

Transcription

1 Monitoring air pollution and public information in Paris Region Karine LEGER, Directrice Partenariats et communication EIONET 24-25/10/16

2 Air pollution monitoring in France According to the French air Act (1996), air pollution is monitored : by independent regional organizations gathering the stakeholders in their administration board ¼ State ¼ local authorities including the municipality of Paris ¼ industries ¼ experts and NGOs (environmental & consumer protection ) Paris region (Ile-de-France): Independant expert : Airparif Set up in 1979 Monitoring, informing and advising Transparency : all information produced are made avalaible for the public need for tight link between AQ expertise and communication tools for the information to be understood and used by different stakeholders

3 Monitoring

4 MONITORING : complementary use of different tools Fixed Monitoring network Background stations. Urban: inside the agglomeration. Sub urban : at the boarder. Rural : outside of the agglomeration Traffic stations : highest levels Industrial sites : specific issues Observation : research purposes (eg CO2 measurments, inversion layer ) Observation

5 ADVISING authorities- eg in case of pollution episodes Winter episode - 10th to the 14th of december 2013 Concentration en Carbone-Suie en µg/m 3 Black carbon concentration in background conditions => high contribution from biomass burning (in average, 43% of the black carbon concentration ) in addition to the traffic sources

6 ADVISING authorities - eg in case of pollution episodes Different stages different sources Black carbon= 4 to 40% of the PM10 concentration BC compounds = local sources secondary Inorganic = imported Traffic restriction 6

7 MONITORING : complementary use of different tools Monitoring campaigns Pollution distribution in hot spot areas Along the traffic Industries Airports

8 Monitoring campaigns Assessment of public exposure Inside a car, On a bike, In the subway all the day through 8

9 MONITORING : complementary use of different tools Monitoring campaigns Diagnosis for certain pollutants Pesticides, Dioxins Mercury, Heavy metals CO 2

10 Modeling

11 MONITORING : complementary use of different tools Modeling tools air pollution Maps Impact assessment of action plans test of scenarios Average annual level of NO 2 - Paris eastern part Emission inventory Air pollutants and GHGs

12 Impact on hourly concentrations of PM10 Seine river PARIS Ring road At 7:00 pm Situation Average decrease In PM 10 Average decrease in NO 2 Background - 2 % - 7% Traffic (ring road) - 6 % - 10% PM10: Some more important decreases during the evening traffic peak -> - 10 % on the ring road (and even - 20 % for certain part of it) 13

13 Impact on hourly concentrations of NO2 Seine river At 08:00 pm Situation Average decrease in PM 10 Average decrease in NO 2 Background - 2 % - 7% Traffic (ring road) - 6 % - 10% NO2: Some more important decreases during the evening traffic peak -> - 30 % on the ring road 14

14 Justification for action : Air pollution is both imported AND exported! 12 / 03/ 2015 : production de carbone suie en Ile-de-France et impact sur les concentrations des régions avoisinantes (exemple : plus de 50% en région Centre) Black Carbon

15 Informing

16 INFORMING: rising awarness, education and change in behaviour Web, apps, mini-site Daily forecast Publications airparif.fr Social networks, RSS feeds

17 ADVISING citizens Car driver: the one who is the most exposed to higher levels of pollution Based on measurment in different transport modes - 45% - 25 à - 35% App: what is your exposure along the itinary you choose Objectives : Rising awareness, education and change in behaviour Based on high resolution models and near real time traffic information

18 INFORMING : example of dissemination on municipal luminous boards by the media regional TV (twice a day), Newspapers, radio PR 13/03/2012 apps : EU projects Linked websites social networks Hot air balloon

19 Eg: State of air quality in Paris region

20 Paris region specificities A densely populated and urbanised area Region: 12 million inhabitants, km 2 Paris agglomeration: 9.6 million inhabitants, km million of cars and LDV 128 million of km driven / day 800 km of highways Municipality of Paris 2.2 million inhabitants, 105 km Quite similar to London NO 2 hourly concentration 01/07/15/ Airparif map: Google Earth & Landsat Main sources of pollution : 1st traffic, 2 nd heating Airuse Life Conference

21 Main sources of air pollution Major impact of Paris agglomeration + traffic Linked : with urbanization & population density with transports Regional emissions = About 10% of national emissions (VOCs and NOX) NOX emission (Per km²) Northern part of France

22 Despite large improvements it is still an issue But still a problem for 5 pollutants NO2 Numerous inhabitants exposed to air pollution levels > regulation mainly in Paris agglomeration and along the busy streets (except for O3) NO2: 1,6 million inhabitants = 1 Parisian over 2 > 40µg/m3 PM10 : inhabitants > 35 days above 50µg/m3 PM2,5 : 11,5 million inhabitants = 95% of the region > 10µg/m3 from WHO Paris O3 : health protection threshold exceeded in the whole region, every year > 120 µg/m3, 8h average Legal issue with the EU commission

23 PRESENTATION for the public and stakeholders : 2 videos Long term trends State of the air quality in 2015 Paris

24 EG: Impact of local permanent mitigation measures 28

25 Permanent mitigation measure implemented in Paris Paris air pollution plan : Reduction of space dedicated to cars and development of sustainable transportation modes () - Shared Electric cars and bicycles (velib & autolib) with parking places allocated for them - Restricted buses and bicycles lines - Tram - Areas of restricted speed limits (30km/h) Paris without car (Champs Elysee's only open to pedestrians and bicycles in 2015) EU measures : eg new Euro norms Montmartre - 17 juin 2004 Montmartre - 9 juin 2004 Development of diesel fleet in France Which impact of those different measures between 2002 and 2012? (lastest and new measures under evaluation) 29

26 Need for an integrated measures for air and climate Practical example in Paris : impact on air and climate (Emissions) of measures taken to reduce air pollution between 2002 and 2012 CO2 : PM & NOx: global pollutant but major impact of local measures local pollutants but major impact of national and EU policies Air Climate Source : étude Airparif- 2013

27 Air pollution improvments in Paris: local, national and EU measures Annual average concentrations NO2 Smaller Improvement for NO2 than for PM10 In average : annual standard limit of 40 µg.m -3 still exceeded for a large number of parisians But decrease of the highest levels : globally lower in 2002 than in

28 Air pollution improvments in Paris: local, national and EU measures Annual average concentrations Particles General improvement on PM concentrations Remark : In 2002 and 2012, the meteorological conditions were close to those of «an average year». Thus, the comparison is relevant. 36

29 Different scales involved : Interaction of local / regional and transboundaries responsibilities The city of Paris is only one part of the whole agglomeration And mitigation measures must be taken at a scale large enough Eg: Origin of fine particles concentrations measured in Paris* Paris Source Approachment study, Airparif & LSCE, 2011

30 Perspectives 38

31 Air pollution: one piece of the puzzle policies education agriculture Everything is linked economy behaviour Climate change Air pollution health New air pollution technologies Local, National International Scales Urban planning heating Industries transports

32 Air pollution : local AND global issue 98% of cities in low- and middle income countries with more than inhabitants do not meet WHO air quality guidelines 27/09/16

33 Local measures but international dissemination

34 Global information : what happens in Paris is known across the world And vice versa! Montmartre - 17 juin 2004 Montmartre - 9 juin 2004

35 Consequences : countries ranking and cities comparisons Which is the world s most polluted city??? Montmartre - 17 juin 2004 Montmartre - 9 juin 2004

36 Multiplication of speakers/ data providers Different/competing objectives Public information Compliance checking (regulation) Awareness raising Environmental complaints Breaking news Commercial Expatriates information Based on different data thanks to new communication tools Stations (traffic, industrie, background ) Models Air quality indices Algorithm (big data) Social network, internet Mobile phones Next : Microsensors (performance?) Satellites IOT Speakers multiplication Local/national/EU agencies Foreign countries Private companies (microsensors, apps & API, big data ) NGOs, Media, Citizens, Questions and consequences reliability (data and interpretations) methodology used for comparison across the world? sometimes completely wrong Confusion? Where is the best available information? Very large diffusion : international media coverage Need for consistency, at least between data from official/refernce agencies (local, national, EU) based on best available information principle

37 ADVISING citizens Near real time air quality information in EU Cities : background and traffic situation Based on infofmation from local air quality network information (voluntary basis and EU projet)

38 The context and our work is changing 2 different directions due to both: Tools development in - monitoring: satellites down to microsensors - communication: mobile phone, IOT, web 3.0, big data Monitoring and informing: from the people up to international dissemination Social demand (user driven activities) - Personalized information - «Make it on its own» - Sharing information and participation in monitoring/informing Development of new expertise/tools needed, including data mining and visualization

39 L Observatoire au service de la Santé et de l Action airparif.fr Contact : pierre-emmanuel.burg@airparif. fr