Update since the Fourth Governmental Meeting on Urban Air Quality on

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2 Overview Update since the Fourth Governmental Meeting on Urban Air Quality on Status of air quality in Asian cities Recent developments in health impacts of air pollution Trends in air quality policies, monitoring and other issues

3 Status of air quality in Asian cities

4 Asian cities exceed WHO Guidelines & Interim Targets Bangkok Beijing Colombo Jaipur Hongkong Manila Seoul Singapore Osaka WHO Interim target-1 70 µg/m 3 WHO guideline μg/m 3 Source: Clean Air Asia, 12

5 7 of 10 cities in developing Asia have poor air quality levels PM10 annual average concentrations µg/m3 > Cities developing Asia Cities developed Asia WHO Interim Target 1 70 µg/m < WHO Air Quality Guideline µg/m3 Source: Clean Air Asia, 13.

6 WHO: Outdoor air pollution is a leading cause of cancer deaths 17 October 13: Outdoor air pollution is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). The world s leading experts concluded that there is sufficient evidence that exposure to outdoor air pollution causes lung cancer. A positive association has been observed for cancer of the urinary bladder. Particulate matter, a major component of outdoor air pollution, was also classified as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). Particulate matter in outdoor air pollution causes cancer of the lung. Source: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the World Health Organization More information is available here

7 WHO: Deaths Attributable to Ambient Air Pollution (12)

8 Updates on Status of Urban AQM

9 Updates on Air Quality Policies 1. Only Afghanistan and Myanmar without national ambient air quality standards. Although there are discussions in Myanmar to develop standards 2. While only half of countries in Asia currently have PM2.5 standards, a number of countries show interest to establish their standards and monitor PM Increased availability of air quality monitoring data but variability in reporting mechanisms 4. Communicating health implications of monitoring results is implemented is only few countries and is less stringent 5. Several cities have Clean Air Plans, although level of implementation is unclear; increased interest in emergency response and alert systems 6. Active discussions exists in strengthening vehicle emission, fuel efficiency and economy standards. Technological standards also needs to be linked with air quality standards to maximize benefits. 7. Concerted and contributory efforts at global level

10 Air Quality Standards 1. Most Asian countries now have AQ standards NOTES: China: Grade I = applies to specially protected areas, such as natural conservation areas, scenic spots, and historical sites; China: Grade II = applies to residential areas, mixed commercial/residential areas, cultural, industrial, and rural areas; HK* = Proposed air quality objectives for Hong Kong SAR India** = NAAQS for Industrial, Residential, Rural and Other Areas India*** = NAAQS for Ecologically Sensitive Areas China* = Revised standards GB 3095 Source: Clean Air Asia, 13

11 Air Quality Standards 2. Timeline of PM 2.5 establishment in Asia Immediate implementation United States Singapore Bangladesh Pakistan Japan Mongolia India Sri Lanka Thailand EU Target value Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR* Vietnam Phased implementation Indonesia US EPA revised PM2.5 standards Taipei Philippines* Beijing, Tianjin, YRD, Beijing, PRD, municipal Tianjin, YRD, & PRD, provincial municipalities, capital provincial EU-Limit Value capital US EU EPA US - Limit EPA proposed Value revised PM2.5 standards* PR China ROK Source: Clean Air Asia, 14

12 Air Quality Standards 2. PM 2.5 Annual Standards 14 AQG (10 µg/m 3 ) IT-3 (15 µg/m 3 ) IT-2 (25 µg/m 3 ) IT-1 (35 µg/m 3 ) Above 35 µg/m 3 ) No annual PM 2.5 standard No information Note: China s new PM 2.5 annual standard (35 µg/m 3 ) is for national implementation in implementation of new standard: for Beijing, Tianjin, YRD, PRD, municipalities and provincial capital cities Clean Air Asia 14

13 Air Quality Monitoring 3. Monitoring against standards Countries and Major Cities Pollutants TSP PM 10 PM 2.5 Pb NO2 SO2 O3 CO India With standard/gv Delhi Monitored Mumbai Monitored Indonesia With standard/gv Bandung Monitored Jakarta Monitored Lao PDR With standard/gv Vientiane Monitored Mongolia With standard/gv Ulaanbaatar Monitored Nepal With standard/gv Kathmandu Monitored Philippines With standard/gv Manila Monitored Sri Lanka With standard/gv Colombo Monitored Clean Air Asia and ADB 14

14 Air Quality Monitoring 3. Data availability Pollutants : PM 10, SO 2, NO 2 (PM 2.5 for few cities) Geographic scope: 22 Asian countries (over 400 cities) Frequency: annual average ambient air concentrations from 1993 to 11 Source: Secondary data from environment bureau website, national statistics websites, request from city contacts Source: Clean Air Asia, 13

15 Air Quality Monitoring 3. Still a need to link work with health impacts PAPA-SAN: overview of research reports on the health effects of air pollution in Asia Source:

16 Air Quality Reporting 4. Differences in reporting mechanisms 16

17 Air Quality Reporting 4. Differences in AQI can confuse public Source: Clean Air Asia, 13.

18 Clean Air and CC Planning 5. Several cities have Clean Air Plans PR China: Regular blue sky plans/pollution control plans and updated clean air action plans after 13. Almost all the capital cities /major cities have plans for air pollution control India: Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, Pune, Kanpur GIZ Clean Air for Smaller Cities in ASEAN Region supported science-based and participatory Clean Air Plans in several smaller cities in ASEAN including: Phnom Penh (Cambodia), Palembang and Surakarta (Indonesia), Vientiane (Lao PDR), Melaka (Malaysia), Iloilo and Cagayan de Oro (the Philippines), Chiang Mai and Nakhon Ratchasima (Thailand), Bac Ninh and Can Tho (Vietnam) and Yangon (Myanmar)

19 Clean Air and CC Planning 6. Limited planning for climate change challenge Based on 12 survey of nearly 900 cities Only 3% of Asian cities have a plan to tackle the challenge of climate change Of the 29 cities with climate change plans, only five are capital cities: Bangkok, Delhi, Seoul, Singapore and Tokyo. Most plans were developed by cities in India, China and Vietnam Source: Clean Air Asia, 14.

20 Clean Air and CC Planning 7. Increased interest: alert & emergency response plans Country Japan Korea PR China Singapore PRC Hong Kong Bangladesh, Brunei, Malaysia, Thailand Notes Guideline on administrative measures for emergent status on Ox air (Ox standard developed in 1973) Tentative guideline for issuing alert on PM 2.5 air pollution in 13 (PM 2.5 standard developed in 09) Asian dust early warning system since April 02 Behavioral Guidelines based on Clean Air Index for public O 3 alert and Protective Actions for general public, vehicle drivers, relevant agencies and businesses MEP: Guidance on how to develop AP emergency response plan (April 13) As of June: 16 provinces and 99 cities have emergency response plans Singapore move to an integrated air quality reporting index, where PM 2.5 will be incorporated into the current PSI as its sixth pollutant parameter (1 April 14) Health Focus: from AQI(1995) to AQHI(30Dec13), health advices to public according to AQHI Unhealthy alerting when AQI is above 100 Source: Clean Air Asia, 14.

21 8. Other Policies in Asia Euro Vehicle Emission Standards for New LDV (gasoline) (as of April 14) European Union a Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5 Euro 6 Australia Euro 2/3 Euro 4 Euro 5 Euro 6 Bangladesh (metros) d Euro 2 Euro 3 c Euro 4 c Bangladesh (nationwide) Euro 2 Euro 3 c China China (metros) e China I China II China III IV China 5 a b China (nationwide) China I China II China III China IV a China IV b China 5 a b Hong Kong, China 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5 India (metros) f E1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 India (nationwide) 1 Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 E4 Euro 5 c Euro6 c Indonesia Euro 2 Euro 4 c Japan 2 New Short- Term New Long-Term Post New Long-Term Malaysia a Euro 2 Euro 3 (Tentative) Euro 4 c Malaysia b Euro 1 Euro 2 (Tentative) Euro 4 c Nepal Euro 1 Euro 3 Pakistan Euro 2 a Euro 2 b Philippines Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 4 b Singapore a Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 4 Singapore b Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 4 Euro 5 Sri Lanka Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 4 c South Korea Euro 4 Euro 5 b Standards 1-4 i Taipei US Tier 1 US Tier 2 Bin 7 g Thailand Euro 3 Euro 4 Vietnam Euro 2 Euro 4 Euro 5 Source: Clean Air Asia, April 14. Emission Standards for New Light-Duty Vehicles * The level of adoption vary by country but most are based on the Euro emission standards Notes: a gasoline; b diesel; c - under consideration/discussion by national government; d Dhaka & Chittagong only; e - Beijing [Euro 5 (12)], Shanghai and Guangzhou; f -, Mumbai, 21 Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Lucknow, Kanpur, Agra, Surat, Ahmedabad, Pune and Sholapur; g - equivalent to Euro 4 emissions standards YEAR

22 8. Other Policies in Asia Current & Proposed Sulfur levels in Diesel in Asia, EU, USA (as of April 14) China (nationwide) China I China II 1, 2 China III 1 European Union Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V Euro VI Australia Euro I Euro IV a, V b Bangladesh Euro II b, c China (metros) e China I Chi II China III China IV China V III 2 China IV 1, 2 Chi Euro IV/US HDV05/Japan Hong Kong Euro I Euro II Euro III HDV05* Euro V** India (metros) e In Bharat II Bharat III Bharat IV India (metros) f India I Bharat II Bh III Bharat IV India (nationwide) India I Bharat II Bharat III Indonesia Euro II g Euro IV h New Short- Japan 1 *** Term New Long-Term Post New Long-Term (PNLT) Phase II PNLT Malaysia Euro I Euro II c Nepal Euro I Euro III Pakistan Pak I Pak III i Pak III j Pak IV Philippines Euro II Singapore 2 Euro I Euro II Euro IV Euro V South Korea Euro III Euro V Euro VI Taiwan Euro IV Thailand Euro I Euro II Euro III Vietnam Euro I Euro II 3 Euro IV 4c Source: Clean Air Asia, April 14. Emission Standards for New Heavy-Duty Vehicles * The level of adoption vary by country but most are based on the Euro emission standards Notes: 1 Diesel; 2 gas a LDVs and trucks (diesel and petrol); b heavy duty vehicles (diesel); c proposed/under discussion by the national government; d Dhaka & Chittagong only; e Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur, Agra, Solapur, Lucknow; f Puducherry, Mathura, Vapi, Jamnagar, 22 Ankleshwar, Hissar, Bharatpur, g 05 for new models; 07 for existing models. h- Euro IV is implemented in cities; i planned; l equivalent to Euro II; j equivalent to Euro III YEAR

23 9. Other programs in Asia Avoid-Shift-Improve Strategies for Transport Source: Clean Air Asia, 12. Potential CO 2 Reductions from Road Transport in Southeast Asia from Avoid-Shift-Improve Policies

24 9. Other programs in Asia China Green Freight Initiative Expert Group Government Steering Committee Green Freight China Seminars Low Carbon City Freight in Wuhan Logistics Institutions and Policy Study Tech. Demo on 10 trucks Study Tours to US and Europe Guangdong International Green Freight Fair Guangdong GEF Green Freight Demonstration Project China Green Freight Initiative design Other Guangzhou Green Trucks Pilot Project Source: Clean Air Asia, 12.

25 9. Other programs in Asia Improved urban planning for low emissions cities Baseline Ahmedabad Transport CO2: 38%, PM 60% Electricity CO2 61%, PM 45% Colombo Transport CO2: 15%, PM 32% Electricity CO2 30%, PM 68% Ho Chi Minh Transport CO2: 33%, PM 30% Electricity CO2 40%, PM 38% Source: Clean Air Asia, 12. BAU 30 Low Emissions 30

26 10. Concerted and contributory efforts at global level Sustainable Development Goals Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable by 30, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality, municipal and other waste management 18SDGs_FINAL_Proposal%of%OWG_19%July%at% 13hrsver3.pdf

27 10. Concerted and contributory efforts at global level First UN EA issued Resolution on tackling air pollution 1. Encourages Governments to take action across sectors to improve air quality to protect human health and the environment, reduce negative impacts, including on the economy, and promote sustainable development; 2. Also encourages Governments to formulate action plans and establish and implement nationally determined ambient air quality standards, taking into account the World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines and other relevant information and to establish emissions standards for their significant sources of air pollution; 3. Encourages Governments and intergovernmental, regional and international organizations to make air quality data more easily accessible and understandable to the public; 4. Encourages Governments to share with the secretariat of the UNEP and member States the results and experiences of their efforts taken pursuant to paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of the present resolution prior to the second session of the United Nations Environment Assembly, to be held in 16; UNEP would report on progress of the Governments.

28 10. Concerted and contributory efforts at global level WHO: Health and the Environment - leadership priority in the Twelfth General Programme of Work WHO programmatic activities in the area of air pollution and health: updating, disseminating and implementing WHO guidelines on air quality and interventions to address this risk to health; monitoring, evaluating and reporting on air quality and related health impacts; strengthening the evidence base for policy action and applied research; and building capacity in the health sector to engage with other sectors and contribute to preventive action in countries.

29 10. Concerted and contributory efforts at global level Air Pollution and Health to the World Health Assembly Presented at 135 th Session of the WHO-EB (Agenda 5.2) Overwhelming support by EB for WHA Resolution on air pollution and health; 29 countries spoke and were strongly supportive (China, Russia, Iran, USA); None spoke against Proposed by Bangladesh, France, Norway and Panama Important issues Cross-sectoral functions and need for cross-sectoral engagement; Need stronger capacity in the health sector to address the determinant of air pollution and ill health; Synergies between mitigating air pollution and climate change and the outcomes on health; Quick action on air pollution mitigation to build the momentum. Source: Hassan 14

30 For more information: Clean Air Asia Center Unit 3505 Robinsons Equitable Tower ADB Avenue, Pasig City Metro Manila 1605 Philippines Clean Air Asia Center Members Shell Asia Clean Fuels Association Corning 245 Clean Air Asia Partnership Members Clean Air Asia China Office 901A Reignwood Building, No. 8 YongAnDongLi Jianguomenwai Avenue Beijing China Clean Air Asia Country Networks Clean Air Asia India Office india@cleanairasia.org 1st Floor, Building No. 4 Thyagraj Nagar Market, Lodhi Colony New Delhi India China. India. Indonesia. Nepal. Pakistan. Philippines. Sri Lanka. Vietnam Cities Environment ministries and government agencies Development agencies and foundations Non-government organizations Academic and research institutions Private sector companies and associations Donors in 12 to 13 Asian Development Bank Cities Development Initiative for Asia ClimateWorks Foundation DHL/IKEA/UPS Energy Foundation Fredskorpset Norway Fu Tak Iam Foundation German International Cooperation (GIZ) Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) Institute for Transport Policy Studies Institute for Transportation and Development Policy International Union for Conservation of Nature L'Agence Française de Développement (AFD) MAHA Pilipinas Shell Rockefeller Brothers Fund Shakti Foundation Shell Foundation United Nations Environment Program Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (UNEP PCFV) USAID CEnergy Veolia World Bank 30