Capture the Energy 2012 Conference and Annual Meeting March 7 & 8, 2012 Troy, New York

Transcription

1 Capture the Energy 2012 Conference and Annual Meeting March 7 & 8, 2012 Troy, New York Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Perspective & Update on the State-of-the-Art Arkady Malakhov 771 Elmgrove Road, Rochester, NY / arkady.malakhov@solidcell.com

2 ΔH W Common Electrochemical Devices Anode Electrolyte Cathode W = Electrical & Heat Energy ΔH = Energy of Fuel (Enthalpy) Batteries 1

3 combustion generation Fuel Cells vs Conventional Generation FUEL CELLS CONVERT CHEMICAL ENERGY DIRECTLY TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY Conversion efficiency for fuel cells ~ 70% Conversion efficiency for conventional generation ~ 50% Chemical Energy (fuel) max G H 298 direct conversion Electrical Energy Thermal Energy max Th T T h indirect conversion c Mechanical Energy Fuel cells reduce consumption of fossil fuels, GHG & hazardous emissions! 2

4 Types of Fuel Cells Fuel Cell Type Operating Temperature Common Electrolyte Fuel Typical Stack / Module Size Typical Stack Efficiency Common Applications Polymer Electrolyte (PEFC / PEM) ºC SO 3 H H 2 <1-100kW 35-50% backup power portable power transportation distributed generation Alkaline (AFC) ºC KOH NaOH H kw 50-70% backup power specialty vehicles space military Phosphoric Acid (PAFC) ºC H 3 PO 4 H kw 40% distributed generation Molten Carbonate (MCFC) ºC Li 2 CO 3 Na 2 CO 3 K 2 CO 3 H 2 CO 300kW - 1MW % distributed generation utility scale power Solid Oxide (SOFC) ºC ZrO 2 doped by Y 2 O 3 or Sc 2 O 3 H 2 CO <1kW - 1MW % APU, portable power off-grid remote power distributed generation utility scale power 3

5 SOFC Stack Technologies Variety of manufacturers & design types Planar stacks - high power density - compact design - mechanically robust - simple manifolding AIR Tubular stacks - high thermal stabnility gradients - high fuel utilization - low power density 4

6 Variety of SOFC Cell Concepts 1000 C Temperature 800 C 700 C 400 C Tubular >950ºC Advantages High power output per single cell High thermal stability and symmetric temperature distribution High fuel utilization High scalability Disadvantages Planar integrated >900ºC Advantages Compact design Modular fabrication units resulting in higher voltage No high temperature glass sealing Disadvantages Planar electrolyte supported >850ºC Advantages Compact design High power density Manufacturability Disadvantages Planar anode supported >650ºC Advantages Compact design Highest power density Manufacturability Disadvantages Large sealing area Low power density Low thermal stability and CTE mismatch and thermal stress asymmetric temperature distribution High manufacturing cost High manufacturing cost High fuel impurity sensitivity Low fuel utilization High electrical resistance Large sealing area 5

7 Efficiency % (LHV) Power Market Landscape PEM Fuel Cells IC Engines µgt 10 Kilowatts Sources: Siemens, DOE, FUEL CELLS 2001, No. 1, pg

8 Truck APUs Typical application: 3 5 kw Technical Challenges Tolerance to impurities in diesel fuel Reducing cold start time Improving manufacturing process Potential market: 1,000,000 units annually Market Drivers Economic: High fuel efficiency Environmental: Ultra low emissions, low noise Legislative: 30 States have engine idling restrictions 7

9 Truck APUs Performance Comparison Source: Delphi, Fuel Cell Seminar, November 1,

10 Distributed Generation Typical Diesel Stationary Generator SOFC vs. Score Card Score Card C Efficiency A F Emissions A F Noise / Vibration A F Maintenance? A Capital cost F <$500 / kw $7,500 / kw ($3,000 kw) 9

11 Distributed Generation Comparison: Apples to Apples Peak Power Efficiency = 35% 0.09 gallon diesel / kwh Fuel cost = $3 / gallon $0.27 / kwh (fuel only OpEx) Conclusions: Less economic advantage with larger SOFCs Back-up Power Primary Power CapEx has to fall or fuel prices rise to reduce payback period 24/7 applications lead to faster payback than backup power Need better understanding of non-fuel OpEx for FC Efficiency = 50% gallon diesel / kwh Fuel cost = $3 / gallon $0.16 / kwh (fuel only OpEx) Saving = $0.11 / kwh CapEx = 2.7 CapEx = 7.5 yrs (Actual fuel for Bloom SOFC is NG) 10

12 Advantages of SOFC Micro CHP Small scale & modular (<5 kwe) Efficient & clean Micro CHP High electrical efficiency at small scale Low noise & vibration Early Adopter Markets Europe: Denmark, Germany & UK Asia: Japan & South Korea Market Drivers Political: High feed-in tariffs Economical: Low OPEX & lower cost of natural gas compared to oil Environmental: Lower GHG & NO x emissions Market Projections Global sales of $636M in 2016 (MarketsandMarkets) 5-12M units installed in EU by 2020 (COGEN Europe) 100,000 units company sales in 2015 (Panasonic) CHP Systems* Type Overall Efficiency Electrical Efficiency Typical Capacity Lifetime hrs CAPEX $/kwe O&M Costs $/kwhe Solid Cell SOFC** 90% >50% 1-5 kw 40,000 5, low low Mictoturbine 75% <50% kw 30,000 2, moderate moderate Gas Turbine 75% <50% MW 35,000 1, moderate moderate IC Engine 75% 30% MW 35,000 1, high high Steam Turbine 80% <50% MW 50, high high Noise NO x *Source: US EPA, CHP Partnership & ICF International **Indicative 11

13 Residential Power Generation source: Guido Gummert

14 Micro CHP in Japan 300 Units scheduled to be installed by end of March

15 Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA) DOE & SECA Gasified coal SOFC Grid-scale power 2017 target: 5MW POC power plant on coal derived syngas FuelCell Energy Versa Power Systems WorleyParsons PNNL UTC Power Delphi Battelle Memorial Institute 25 kw stack tested for 2,000 hrs (1% deg/ 1,000 hrs) $175 kw stack* Conceptual design of SOFC / gas turbine hybrid with 57% efficiency Rolls-Royce Fuel Cell Systems Case Western Reserve University University of Connecticut ORNL, PNNL System cost model of $700 / kw* 20 kw stack 14

16 NYS SOFC Companies Planar anode supported 5kW Planar electrolyte supported.1 10 kw Planar anode supported MW+ Modified planar electrolyte supported 0.2 5kW Micro-tubular <1kW Truck APU system CHP (Europe) Flexible substrates and cells Grid-scale power Off-grid & CHP core / hotbox Portable devices Prototype testing Improving manufacturing Larger cells Scaling manufacturing Cell development Plasma spray technology Up-scaling from cell to stack with new materials Building pilot manufacturing Building pilot manufacturing 15

17 Solid Cell Founded in 2006 Commercializing SOFC core Transitioning technology from laboratory to pilot manufacturing Establishing strategic partnerships Early stage fund raising Major NYS partners: Thank You! 16