CO2 Capture Storage, Use or Recycle

Transcription

1 CO2 Capture Storage, Use or Recycle John Gale General Manager IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme CCS in the Process Industries State of the Art and Future Opportunities Joint Workshop IEAGHG and IETS th March 2015 Lisbon, Portugal

2 Presentation Scope Present the different options within the scope of achieving 2DS Stabilisation of atmospheric concentration of CO2 at 450ppm. Need for CCS to achieve this goal reinforced in UNFCCC/IPCC 5 th Assessment Report Options are: Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Carbon Capture and Use or Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) Carbon Capture and Recycle (CCR)

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4 CCS Principles

5 CCS Principles CO2 stored deep underground in geological reservoirs for millennia CO2 does return to the atmosphere therefore storage (CCS) achieves the 2DS objective If we include sustainably sourced biomass in the equation then we can achieve negative emissions Bio-CCS can remove CO2 from the atmosphere

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7 Industrial CCS projects

8 How do you ensure the CO2 stays there Storage regulations CCS Directive Storage permit first one issued to ROAD Aims to ensure permeant storage Good Operational Practise Monitoring and Remediation Monitoring plan required to ensure fate of injected CO2 Remediation plan required in the event that

9 Experience to date Extensive monitoring expertise of surface and sub surface from over 30 pilot and industrial demonstration projects. Longest monitored project Sleipner 19 years No evidence to date of migration out of reservoir let alone seepage towards surface Monitoring work at Weyburn proved conclusively that claims for a leak to the surface were false

10 CO2 Use or Utilisation and Storage The principle use or utilisation option is CO2 Enhanced oil recovery Largest volumes used Commercially proven Other options include: CO2-ECBM & CO2-EGR not technically proven Mineralisation long reaction times and environmental issues Bio-char very topical but issues concerning ecosystem impacts etc.,

11 Global Status of CO2-EOR Principally North America (USA + Canada) USA o 136 projects injecting 3.5Mt CO2 o Many projects Operating since mid 1980 s o 3600km pipeline network mostly non anthropogenic CO 2 o Regulatory process developed EPA Class II Wells o Drivers Tax incentives for increased oil production Readily accessible cheap CO2 Large numbers of small fields with high ROIP levels High exploration capacity

12 USA CO2-EOR Experiences Commercial technology proven to recover cost effectively additional oil Robust regulatory process tested for over 20 years Potential problems with new EPA Class VI wells for CO2 Storage Limited monitoring under Class II well program Safety record industry good US DOT records on pipeline safety o Good track record over 20+ years No associated issues like CBM or unconventional oil and gas Not originally as well researched as storage IEAGHG Weyburn-Midale CO2-EOR monitoring and stage project ( )

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15 CO2-EOR principles

16 CO2-EOR Processes

17 CO2 Storage in CO2-EOR Numerical history match undertaken at Weyburn for % of injected CO2 (2Mt) was recovered by end of o Recovered CO2 was in produced oil, water and gas The remainder was considered to be stored o 12% in oil phase o 18% in brine o 70% in gaseous phase o Mineral carbonation <1% of that stored. Projection to end of CO2-EOR flood that 25 Mt CO2 would be stored. Source: Volume 16, Supplement 1, June 2013, Pages S35 S49Effects of mechanical dispersion on CO2 storage in Weyburn CO2-EOR field Numerical history match and prediction Mafiz Uddin,, Alireza Jafari, Ernie Perkins

18 Global estimate for storage 2009 IEAGHG study gave a global capacity of 140 GtCO2 storage in depleted oil fields in worlds 10 most prospective basins Implications: CO2-EOR will play a role in meeting global CO2 storage needs Depleted gas and deep saline reservoirs provide the primary storage resource in the longer term The key role it is currently playing is de-risking CCS demonstration projects

19 Temporary storage at best or recycle

20 Other Chemical Use Options Baking soda Na2CO3 = Na2O + СО2 Methanol 2 CH3OH + 3 O2 2 CO2 + 4 H2O Dimethyl Ether (DME) CH 3 OCH O 2 2 CO H 2 O Olefins simple alkanes or upgrade to higher grade chemical Urea CO(NH2)2 CO2 + 2NH3 (via enzymatic catalysis in soils) NH3 oxidised to: o NO3- which causes water contamination o N2O which is a Higher GWP gas than CO2 CO2 taken up by plant roots and soil bacteria o Lost when plant dies or soil tilled

21 Utilisation Potential IPCC SRCCS 2005 Excluding EOR, CO 2 for industrial processes is used at a 120Mt/y o Some processes store CO2 for several decades (20Mt/y) o Century scale storage equates to 1Mt/y CO2-EOR o Global theoretical capacity estimates ranged from 60 to 120 GtCO 2 The world emitted 31.8Gts of CO2 from the consumption of energy in 2010 IEA CCS Road map we need to store 145Gt CO2 between 2010 and 2030

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23 Summary CCS can achieved deep reductions in global CO2 emissions CO2-EOR is the most important of the use options Can be regarded as storage But CO2-EOR alone with not meet the 2DS target Many other use options can be regarded as CO2 recycle a concept of increasing interest Other than CO2-EOR most other use options are niche options but research should continue

24 Thank you Contact me at: Website: LinkedIn: Twitter: Facebook: RD-Programme/ ?ref=hl