Lake Fred Watershed Management Plan for Nutrient Reduction. Jin Chen. ENVL 4300-Environmental Issues. Richard Stockton University

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1 LAKE FRED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN 1 Lake Fred Watershed Management Plan for Nutrient Reduction Jin Chen ENVL 4300-Environmental Issues Richard Stockton University Spring 2015

2 LAKE FRED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN 2 Abstract A watershed management plan is established for Lake Fred at Stockton University to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus pollution loads by 90%. Nitrogen and phosphorus are naturally occurring, and they are important elements for the growth of plants. However, nitrogen and phosphorus coming from anthropogenic sources such as fertilizers, manure, and septic tanks can impair a stream or river due to their excessive amounts in the water body. An excessive amount of nitrogen can pollute drinking water and cause illness such as blue baby syndrome. Then, an excessive amount of phosphorus in water can boost algal growth which leads to eutrophication. Eutrophication can cause dead zones when the level of dissolved oxygen in water is too low to support any aquatic life due to decomposition of algae. At Stockton Campus, there are many sources of nitrogen and phosphorus going into Lake Fred. Two major sources for nitrogen are fertilizers and solid wastes from wildlife, especially from geese. Some minor sources of nitrogen are soil/sediment, decomposition of plants and animals, and the atmosphere. For phosphorus, the major source is soil/sediment and nutrient is not accounted as a source of pollution for phosphorus because fertilizers that contain phosphorus are banned in NJ in Wildlife/geese waste is the second largest source of phosphorus, and the rest sources (minimal) of phosphorus are surface runoffs, and decomposition of plants and animals. The identification of sources and causes of nitrogen and phosphorus in Lake Fred watershed is an example of implementing one of the nine key elements that is required by the US Environmental Protection Agency for non-point source management projects that are eligible for Clean Water Act Section 319 grant program. The remaining eight key elements for watershed management plan are listed and detailed in the following sections. Watershed management plan is important to restore an impaired water body, and protect that water body and water downstream with practical and useful management measures. Aside from the implementation of the nine key elements, best management practices (BMPs) and total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) are also incorporated into the management plan to effectively carry out practices and monitor progress and effectiveness of the plan. In the case of Lake Fred watershed, the use of the nine elements and incorporation of BMPs are essential in the planning process of the watershed management plan. With the guidance of the nine elements and BMPs, a comprehensive watershed management plan is established for Lake Fred. Priority areas such as parking lots, dirt paths, and lawns are identified so management measures could be focused more on these areas. Suggested management measures that will help to achieve the goal of 90% load reductions include planting trees; building rain gardens, retention basins, and buffer strips. Also, installation of geese chasers, reduction of fertilizer application, and less continuous impervious surfaces can all contribute to pollution load reductions. Along with these management measures, implementation of interim milestones, criteria and monitoring components are included in the nine elements to track the implementation and effectiveness of management measures.

3 LAKE FRED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN 3 Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction. 4 Lake Fred Watershed Management Plan: Nine Key Elements Incoporated 1) Determine the Causes and Sources of Pollution...5 Sources of Nitrogen..5 Sources of Phosphorus..6 2) Determine Load Reductions. 7 3) Determine Non-point Source Management Measures and Criteria Areas... 7 Fertilizer 8 Geese.9 Soil/Sediment 9 Surface Runoff..9 4) Determine Technical and Financial Assistance ) Implement Education and Outreach Components ) Develop an Implementation Schedule.12 7) Develop Interim Milestones to Track the Implementation of Management Measures 14 8) Develop Criteria to track the Progress of Management Measures ) Develop a Monitoring Component to Evaluate the Effectiveness of the Management Practice.15 References 16

4 LAKE FRED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN 4 Introduction Human activities such as land development and uses of chemicals have significant impacts on the health of a watershed, especially affecting the water quality of rivers, streams, and other water bodies. A watershed is a total land area where all of its water drains into one location such as a stream, river, basin, or sea. When examining and analyzing the health of a watershed, downstream water bodies are polluted substantially due to deposition of sediments and accumulation of pollutants from upstream. Therefore, it is important to establish a watershed management plan to improve and restore any impaired water bodies in the watershed. In this paper, a watershed management plan is established for Lake Fred at Stockton University to help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the lake. Before planning a watershed management, it is important to know the main types of water pollution in the environment. There are four types of water pollution: chemical, biological, physical, and thermal. Chemical pollution involves of in-situ parameters (e.g. ph, dissolved oxygen, total suspended solids, temperature, salinity, electrical conductivity, and etc.); trace elements (e.g. zinc, iron, copper, and chromium), organic compounds, and nutrients. Biological pollution involves of any biological agents such as fecal coliforms that can harm the quality of water. Physical pollution includes sediment and trash, while thermal pollution includes industrial effluents discharged into water. These pollutions are mainly resulted from human activities such as agriculture, land construction, deforestation, use of fertilizers/pesticides, and waste disposal. When a stream, river, or underground reservoir is polluted or impaired, it will have tremendous impacts on both the environment and human. For instance, the leaching of pollutants on the surface could infiltrate into and pollute groundwater, which is an important source of drinking water. Moreover, removal of forests and construction of impervious surfaces can increase surface runoffs and soil erosion. Often, surface runoffs carry pollutants such as organic compounds, toxic chemicals, and nutrients into waterways, and make the water unsuitable to sustain aquatic organisms. Nitrogen and phosphorus are chemical pollutants that are targeted to be reduced in the Lake Fred watershed management plan (presented in the next section). In 1997, the US Environmental Protection Agency identified nutrients contributing to major water pollution with states reporting over half of their lakes affect by nutrients (Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, 2008). Both nitrogen and phosphorus are important nutrients, and can come from natural and anthropogenic sources. Nitrogen (75% of the atmosphere) and phosphorus can be found in the soils, fertilizers, animal waste, septic tanks, and decomposition of plants and animals. Refer to Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (2008), nitrogen is important for plant growth and protein synthesis in plants and animal. However, excessive nitrate (a compound form of nitrogen) in the environmental can contaminate our drinking water and cause serious health effects such as blue baby syndrome. Blue baby syndrome is caused by methaemoglobinemia, which reduces blood s capacity to carry oxygen. Infants are the most victims of blue baby syndrome, and their mouths, hands and feet will turn blue due to reduced oxygen levels in the blood (WHO, 2015). To compare, phosphorus is the 11 th most abundant element in earth s crust, and contributes significantly to algal growth (Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, 2008). Increased algal

5 LAKE FRED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN 5 growth can lead to eutrophication, and when algae die off and decompose the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water will decrease. This will result in fish kill and other impaired conditions not suitable for aquatic life. In the following section, a watershed management plan for Lake Fred is established to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loads. A watershed management plan is important because it helps to improve water quality and provides future guidance for stream quality protection. There are nine key elements required by the US EPA to be implemented in a watershed management plan in order to receive Section 319 fund under the Clean Water Act. The Section 319 fund can be applied by any states for projects addressing non-point source pollutions with the implementation of the nine elements in their watershed management plans (USEPA, 2013). The nine elements are listed here: 1) identify causes and sources of pollution; 2) determine load reductions of targeted pollutants; 3) determine non-point management measures and criteria areas; 4) determine technical and financial assistance; 5) implement education and outreach components; 6) develop an implementation schedule; 7) develop interim milestones to track implementation of management measures; 8) develop criteria to track progress of management measures, and 9) develop a monitoring component to track the effectiveness of the management practice (NC Division of Water Resources, 2014). On top of the nine elements, total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) and best management practices (BMPs) need to be incorporated into the plan to establish an effective and practical watershed management plan. Lake Fred Watershed Management Plan: Nine Key Elements Incorporated 1) Identification of the causes and sources of pollution Two causes of pollution targeted in this Lake Fred watershed management plan are nitrogen and phosphorus. Different land uses on Stockton Campus are contributing to different sources of pollution in Lake Fred. Stockton Campus is built in a forested area dominated by pines and oaks. Some portions of the forest were developed for Stockton campuses, residential housings, parking lots, roads, paths, athletic fields, and lawn areas. Lake Fred is centered at Stockton, and is surrounded by forested areas, housings, paths, and campus buildings. Sources of Nitrogen: Major sources of nitrogen identified at Stockton are fertilizers, wildlife/geese, soil/sediment, surface runoffs, decomposition of plants and animals, and atmosphere. Stockton has several lawn areas, and fertilizers are used to help the growth of the grass. Nitrogen concentration from fertilizers is likely to increase in late spring and fall when most fertilizers are applied during these time slots. Solid wastes from wildlife, especially geese, contribute a large portion of nitrogen in Lake Fred watershed. In New Jersey, there are year round and seasonal geese that visit NJ from October-March (NJDEP, n.d.). In addition, nitrogen occurs naturally in soil and can come from decomposition of plants and animals. If there are removal of vegetable, modification of stream banks, and land development, then soil/sediment loads will increase especially during raining seasons. A new United Science Building will be built and be completed in 2017 at Stockton; this construction will increase sediment loads and surface runoffs into nearby streams and Lake Fred. Atmosphere is consisted of 75% of nitrogen, but it might only contribute a minimal source to the nitrogen concentration in Lake Fred. In

6 LAKE FRED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN 6 Table 1, a breakdown of percent contribution of nitrogen sources in Lake Fred and potential stressors resulted from nitrogen pollution are listed. Sources of Nitrogen: Major sources of phosphorus pollution are soil/sediment, wildlife/geese, surface runoffs, and decomposition of plants and animals. Fertilizers are not accounted as a source for phosphorus because NJ banned fertilizers containing phosphorus in In Table 2, a breakdown of percent contribution of phosphorus in Lake Fred and potential stressors resulted from phosphorus pollution are listed. Unlike nitrogen, the great contribution to phosphorus comes from soil/sediment because phosphorus can attach to soil particles, and Stockton has a large forested area. Wildlife/geese are accounted for the second largest source of phosphorus pollution. Table 1: Sources, Percent Contribution, and Stressors for Nitrogen Sources Estimated % Contribution to Pollution Potential Stressor Fertilizer 38% *Excessive nutrient *Increased algal growth *Groundwater contamination *Lowered dissolved oxygen (DO) Wildlife/Geese 50% *Excessive nutrient *Bacteria *Fecal coliform *Lowered DO Soil/Sediment 5% *Blocked waterway *Increased contaminants Surface Runoffs 5% *Increased contaminants *Increased peak flow *Eroded stream-banks Decomposition of Plants and Animals 1% *Increased nitrogen and phosphorus *Bacteria Atmosphere 1% *Increased nitrogen Table 1: Wildlife/geese wastes are estimated to be the number one source of nitrogen concentration in Lake Fred Watershed, while fertilizer is accounted for the second largest source of nitrogen.

7 LAKE FRED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN 7 Table 2: Sources, Percent Contribution, and Stressors for Phosphorus Sources Percent Contribution to Pollution Potential Stressor Soil/Sediement 80% *Blocked waterway *Increased contaminants Wildlife/Geese 14% *Excessive nutrient *Bacteria *Fecal coliform *Lowered DO Surface Runoffs 5% *Increased contaminants *Increased peak flow *Eroded stream-banks Decomposition of Plants and Animals 1% *Increased nitrogen and phosphorus *Bacteria Table 2: Soil/sediment is estimated to have contributed 80% phosphorus concentration in Lake Fred, and wildlife/geese is the second largest source with 14% contribution of phosphorus concentration. 2) Determine Load Reductions of Pollution The targeted load reductions for both nitrogen and phosphorus are 90%. 3) Determine Non-point Source Management Measures and Criteria Areas Different land use types will result in different level of impacts to the health of Lake Fred. Best management plans will be assessed and implemented in the watershed management plan to restore the watershed and mitigate impacts of human activities. Critical areas that contribute most of the pollution to Lake Fred are impervious surfaces (e.g. parking lots and residential housings), lawns, places most visited by geese, and open areas susceptible to soil erosion and sediment loss. In Figure 1, areas boxed and labeled are the priority areas where management measures will be implemented mostly on. Then, in Table 3, management measures and potential load reductions are listed.

8 LAKE FRED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN 8 Figure 1: Priority Areas on Stockton Campus where Management Measures will be Focused on Figure 1: Priority areas labeled in the figure include parking lots, lawns, dirt paths, and Lake Fred. Fertilizer Reduce and implement better usage of fertilizers: fertilizer is a major source of nitrogen in Lake Fred, and it is important to reduce the amount of fertilizer applied to the lawns. Often, some of the fertilizers are wasted when sprayed outside of the lawn area. The wasted fertilizers can get into storm drains and streams from runoffs. The lawn-care personnel could adjust the amount of fertilizers needed and the frequency of applying fertilizers to the lawn. Also, apply fertilizers only when it will benefit the growth of grass the most, which is around the time of late spring and late autumn. Moreover, weather conditions have to be taken into consideration when fertilizing lawns (if this hasn t been thought of). If it would be raining tomorrow, then it would be better to not apply fertilizers the day before the rain. Management on sprinkling: often lawns are watered for more than needed. When too much water is sprinkled, nitrogen and other nutrients can be washed down into storm drains or nearby streams.

9 LAKE FRED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN 9 Geese Reduce lawn area: Stockton can reduce lawn areas by planting more trees and native gardens. Less lawn areas mean less use of fertilizers, and soil/sediment loads could be reduced by trees and native garden plants. Install geese chasers: the installation of geese chasers can help with scaring geese away for certain extend. Lawns areas at the track field near athletic building and the oasis near Lakeside Lodge are places where geese gather most often. Geese waste clean-up: to schedule occasional clean-up of the solid waste from the geese with proper disposal of the waste can help to reduce the waste getting into Lake Fred and nearby streams. Soil/Sediment Planting trees: to plant trees in open areas such as lawns and near the bank of streams and lakes can help to reduce sediment loss, and stabilize stream banks. Building retention basin: retention basins can help to store storm water and allow it to slowly infiltrate into soil. Also, retention basins collect sediment and prevent excessive sediment running into streams/lakes. Build rain gardens: rain gardens help to collect water and allow it to percolate and infiltrate underground. The gardens slow down the movement of water running into streams/lakes, and help to reduce the amount of sediment getting into water bodies. Surface Runoffs Reduce construction of continuous impervious surfaces-for future construction projects (e.g. United Science Center 2 ), avoid constructing continuous surfaces such as parking lots. Leave segments of vegetation or build gardens in parking lots to reduce surface runoffs, sediment loss; and help to increase infiltration of water into soil. Planting buffer strips: to reduce surface runoffs, soil erosion, and sediment loss.

10 LAKE FRED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN 10 Table 3: Management Measures, Potential Load Reductions, and Parameter Targeted Management Measures Parameter Targeted Potential Load Reductions Reduce Fertilizer Use Reduce fertilizer usage and better practices Reduce lawn areas *Nitrogen Reduce lawn irrigation Geese Install geese chasers *Nitrogen Solid water clean-ups *Phosphorus Soil or Sediment Control Surface Runoffs Tree planting Retention basin Rain garden Reduce construction of continuous impervious surfaces Buffer strips *Nitrogen *Phosphorus *Total suspended solids *Nitrogen, *Phosphorus * Total suspended solids *50% Nitrogen *25% Nitrogen *20% Phosphorus *35% Nitrogen *80% Phosphorus *60% Total suspended solids *30% Nitrogen *35% Phosphorus *60% Total Suspend solids Table 3: Different target parameters such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and total suspended soilds can be reduced substantially by the implementation of management measures. 4) Determine Technical and Financial Assistance Different sources of funding and technical assistance are needed to ensure a successful and effective practice of the watershed management plan. In NJ Department of Environmental Protection, projects for non-point sources managements are eligible for the Clean Water Act Section 319 grant program. In addition, there are programs available in NJ to provide technical and strategic assistance for the non-point source management projects for state and local sectors. Some of the programs available are New Jersey Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program, New Jersey TMDL Program, New Jersey Bureau of Geographic Information Systems, and Center for Watershed Protection (NJDEP, 2015). In Table 4, a range of costs and technical assistance are listed for each management measure. The range of costs is a rough estimation of expenses for the management measures.

11 LAKE FRED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN 11 Table 4: Range of Costs and Technical Assistance Needed for Management Measures Management Measures Cost Technical Assistance Reduce Fertilizer Use Reduce fertilizer usage 0$ Plant management at Stockton and better practices Reduce lawn areas $ Plant management at Stockton Reduce lawn irrigation 0$ Plant management at Stockton Geese Install geese chasers $/unit Plant management at Stockton Soil or Sediment Control Surface Runoffs Solid water clean-ups $/hr Plant management at Stockton Tree planting $/tree Local conservation groups/stockton community/volunteers Retention basin $/ft Consultant/local conservation groups/stockton community/volunteers Rain garden $/ft Consultant/ local conservation groups/stockton community/volunteers Reduce construction of continuous impervious surfaces 0$ Construction agencies/local sustainability groups Buffer strips $/ft Consultant/local conservation groups/stockton community/volunteers Table 4: Sources of technical assistance for Lake Fred watershed consist of Stockton community, local conservation groups, consultants, construction agencies, and volunteers. 5) Implement Education and Outreach Components Many education and outreach programs can be established to enhance the watershed management effort. A lot of people get information through social media and advertisement. Therefore, we can put out information about water quality of Lake Fred and what management practices are needed to protect the lake in TV ads, flyers, local newspapers, Facebook, Twitters, and others. In the Stockton community, there are many ENVL professors and active student-run environmental clubs and organization (e.g. S.A.V.E., WaterWater, and Sustainability Trust). The professors and club members can organize water quality monitoring programs. Data collected from the monitoring programs can be sent to local environmental agencies and community members. We can have volunteers to go to local schools and community meetings to share the water quality data, and educate people the importance of Lake Fred and what impacts it will have to streams downstream. At Stockton, there is one stream monitoring project in place by WaterWatch (an environmental service club) with assistance from AmeriCorp Watershed Ambassador. The stream monitoring consists of visual and biological assessment of a stream. The most important

12 LAKE FRED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN 12 and interesting part of the stream monitoring is digging up debris in the stream and looking for macroinvertebrates. People will able to identify pollutant-tolerant and pollutant-intolerant macroinvertebrates to assess the stream quality. Data recorded from the stream monitoring can be used by AmeriCorp Watershed Ambassador to update the quality of local streams. In addition, we can get the Chemistry Society at Stockton to establish a program to do chemical assessment such as ph, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and electrical conductance for Lake Fred and streams at Stockton. This hand-on activity is fun and offers experiences for people to do water assessment. The data collected can be sent to local environmental agencies and be shared with local community members. Another great way to educate people about water quality in the watershed is to host environmental forum and workshops at Stockton or local schools. We can invite professional personnel who specialized on water quality or environmental issues to give talks. Then, different workshops can be offered to provide knowledge on best management practices to restore and protect our watershed. Some fun activities such as fishing and canoeing in Lake Fred can also be offered, which will strengthen people s appreciation to the beauty, resources, and services that nature provides. 6) Develop an Implementation Schedule A schedule of implementing the management measures is necessary that identify what tasks needed to be accomplished by what time. Table 5 provides the schedule for each management measure and time range (short term, medium, and long term) needed to accomplish the objective/goal.

13 LAKE FRED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN 13 Table 5: Schedule for the Implementation of Watershed Management Plan Activities Schedule* Objectives and Key Planning Considerations Implementation Monitoring Maintenance Identify nitrogen and phosphorus sources Identify potential load reductions for management measures Identify soil/sediment sources Identify criteria and priority areas for management measures Identify potential best management practices/management measures Identify monitoring indicators to track progress of management measures Identify key stakeholders Identify technical and financial assistance Short Short Short Short Short Short Short Short Set up meeting with Plant Management at Stockton Short/Medium Provide workshops on best management practices Medium/Long Tree planting Medium/Long Build rain garden Medium/Long Building retention basin/buffer strip Medium/Long Track indicator established above (e.g. number of Medium/Long workshops, number of trees planted or gardens built, etc.) Set up meetings with Plant Management for Medium/Long updates on uses of fertilizers Stream assessment: biological and chemical Medium/Long assessments Log activities accomplished Medium/Long Identify parties responsible for each management measure Long Set up rough schedule for management measures Medium/Long Figure 5: Activities such as tree planting can be done in short term while stream monitoring can take longer time to accomplish. (*Short -1-2 years, Medium-2-5 years, Long -5+ years)

14 LAKE FRED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN 14 7) Develop Interim Milestones to Track the Implementation of Management Measures Interim milestones are important in tracking progress of the implementation of management measures. At the beginning of implementing the management measures, sources and causes of the pollution are needed to be identified. A pre-monitoring project can be established and scheduled for a short term period to help determine the condition of a water body, potential load reductions, priority areas, and best management practices. Meetings need to be arranged with key stakeholders, local government agencies, local conservation groups, and others to discuss about the impairment of the watershed, and what measures should be considered for watershed restoration. This should be done by the first 6 months of the planning process. Then, installation of projects should be reviewed and carried out as soon as possible. Projects such as building rain gardens, planting trees, and building retention basins and buffer strips will takes as short as a few months to as long as a couple of years to fully accomplish the projects. It would be beneficial to create workshops for local community members about the benefits of implementing projects like retention basins, and provide hand-on activities to understand better how a retention basin is constructed. When management measures are implemented, long term monitoring program should be established. The program can consists of regular stream monitoring activities, meeting with associated sectors, and tracking the progress of the projects. 8) Develop Criteria to track the Progress of Management Measures Different criteria or indicators listed in Table 6 are significant in makiing sure that management measures are implemented and fully carried out. Table 6: Criteria/Indicators to Determine Progress of Pollutant Load Reductions Pollutant Issue Sedimentation Criteria/Indicators *number of trees planted *areas built for retention basins and buffer strips *best management practices installed *total suspended solids *construction management Pathogens Bacteria *measurement of fecal coliform *magnitude of surface runoffs *number visits of geese and geese population Algae Eutrophication *numbers of algal bloom *phosphorus load measurement

15 *magnitude of surface runoffs LAKE FRED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN 15 *best management practices installed Table 6: Three pollutant issues are listed above, and targeted criteria/indicators used to validate the implementation of management measures include installation of best managements practices, number of trees planted, and magnitude of surface runoffs. 9) Develop a Monitoring Component to Evaluate the Effectiveness of the Management Practice The development of monitoring components can be help to track the effectiveness of management measures on pollution load reductions. In Table 7, a list of potential monitoring components is gathered for Lake Fred watershed management practices in relation to criteria components in Table 6. Table 7: Monitoring Components for Management Practice Management Practice Monitoring Component Reduce Fertilizer Use Reduce fertilizer usage and better practices Track amount of fertilizer used and frequency of applying fertilizer. Reduce lawn areas Track/record establishment of gardens and/or tree planting Reduce lawn irrigation Monitor sprinkle system and record length of irrigation Geese Install geese chasers Look for signs of geese chasers Soil or Sediment Control Surface Runoffs Solid water clean-ups Tree planting Retention basin Rain garden Reduce construction of continuous impervious surfaces Buffer strips Meet with plant management and check the schedule for waste clean-up Track number of trees planted and their location Track progress of building retention basins and record number and location of retention basins. Long term water quality monitoring can be implemented to examine nearby streams. Track number of volunteers helping to build and maintain rain gardens. Long term water quality monitoring can be implemented to examine the nearby streams. Track implementation of vegetation between parking lots and building of gardens, retention basins, and buffer strips. Track progress of building buffer strips, and long term water quality monitoring could be conducted

16 References LAKE FRED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN 16 USEPA. (2013). Clean Water Act Section 319. Retrieved February 25, 2015, from Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. (2008). Nutrients: Phosphorus, Nitrogen Sources, Impact on Water Quality. Retrieved February 26, 2015, from NC Division of Water Resources, & Triangle J Council of Governments. (2014). A Simplified Guide to Writing Watershed Restoration Plans In North Carolina. Retrieved February 22, 2015, from _1/courses/ /9-elementsGuide.pdf NJDEP. (2015). NJDEP-Watershed Restoration-Nonpoint Source Pollution Program. Retrieved February 27, 2015, from NJDEP. (n.d.). Canada Goose Control Information. Retrieved February 27, 2015, from WHO. (2015). Water-related diseases. Retrieved February 26, 2015, from