Environmental and. A Contemporary Approach. Fourth Edition. Jonathan M. Harris. and Brian Roach

Transcription

1 Environmental and Natural Resource Economics A Contemporary Approach Fourth Edition Jonathan M. Harris and Brian Roach Routledge R Taylor & Francis Group NEW YORK AND LONDON

2 List of Figures xi List of Tables xvi Preface to the Fourth Edition xviii Introduction: The Economy and the Environment 1 CHARTER 1 Changing Perspectives on the Environment Overview of Environmental Issues Economic Approaches to the Environment Principles of Ecological Economics A Look Ahead 13 CHARTER 2 Resources, Environment, and Economic Development Overview of Economic Growth Economic Growth in Recent Decades Environmental Trends in Recent Decades Optimists and Pessimists Sustainable Development 33 Economic Analysis of Environmental Issues 41 CHARTER 3 TheTheory of Environmental Externalities The Theory of Externalities Weifare Analysis of Externalities 52

3 3.3 Property Rights and the Environment 55 Appendix 3.1: Supply, Demand, and Weifare Analysis 68 Appendix 3.2: Externality Analysis: Advanced Material 76 CHARTER 4 Common Property Resources and Public Goods Common Property, Open Access, and Property Rights The Environment as a Public Good The Global Commons 103 CHARTER 5 Resource Allocation Over Time Allocation of Nonrenewable Resources Hotelling's Rule and Time Discounting 119 CHARTER 6 Valuing the Environment Total Economic Value Overview ofvaluation Techniques Revealed Preference Methods Stated Preference Methods 137 CHARTER 7 Cost-Benefit Analysis Overview of Cost-Benefit Analysis Balancing the Present and Future: The Discount Rate Valuing Human Life Other Issues in Cost-Benefit Analysis Cost-Benefit Analysis Example Conclusion: The Role of Cost-Benefit Analysis in Environmental Policy Decisions 166 Appendix 7.1: Using Excel to Perform Present Value Calculations 173 CHARTER 8 Pollution: Analysis and Policy The Economics of Pollution Control Policies for Pollution Control The Scale of Pollution Impacts Assessing Pollution Control Policies Pollution Control Policies in Practice 198

4 Contents vii Ecological Economics and Environmental Accounting 209 CHARTER 9 Ecological Economics: Basic Concepts An Ecological Perspective Natural Capital Issues of Macroeconomic Scale Long-Term Sustainability Energy and Entropy Ecological Economics and Policy 225 CHARTER 10 National Income and Environmental Accounting Greening the National Income Accounts Green GDP Adjusted Net Saving The Genuine Progress Indicator The Human Development Index and the Better Life Index Environmental Asset Accounts The Future of Alternative Indicators 255 Appendix 10.1: Basic National Income Accounting 263 Energy, Climate Orange, and Greening the Economy 267 CHARTER 11 Energy: The Great Transition Energy and Economic Systems Evaluation of Energy Sources Energy Trends and Projections Energy Supplies: Fossil Fuels Renewable Energy Sources The Economics of Alternative Energy Futures Policies for the Great Energy Transition 293

5 viii Contents CHARTER 12 Global Climate Change: Science and Economics Causes and Consequences of Climate Change Responses to Global Climate Change Economic Analysis of Climate Change 319 CHARTER 13 Global Climate Change: Policy Responses Adaptation and Mitigation Climate Change Mitigation: Economic Policy Options Climate Change: The Technical Challenge Climate Change Policy in Practice Other Economic Proposais: Environment and Equity Conclusion: Dimensions of Climate Change 366 CHARTER 14 Greening the Economy The Green Economy: Introduction The Relationship between the Economy and the Environment Industrial Ecology Does Protecting the Environment Harm the Economy? Creating a Green Economy 394 PART Population, Agriculture, and Resources 407 CHARTER 15 Population and the Environment The Dynamics of Population Growth Predicting Future Population Growth The Theory of Demographic Transition Population Growth and Economic Growth Ecological Perspectives on Population Growth Population Policies for the Twenty-First Century 430

6 Contents ix CHARTER 16 Agriculture, Food, and Environment Feeding the World: Population and Food Supply Trends in Global Food Produetion Projections for the Future Agriculture's Impaet on the Environment Sustainable Agriculture for the Future 459 CHARTER 17 Nonrenewable Resources: Scarcity andabundance The Supply of Nonrenewable Resources Economic Theory of Nonrenewable Resource Use Global Scarcity or Increasing Abundance? Environmental Impacts of Mining The Potential for Minerals Recycling 482 CHARTER 18 Renewable Resource Use: Fisheries Principles of Renewable Resource Management Ecological and Economic Analyses of Fisheries The Economics of Fisheries in Practice Policies for Sustainable Fisheries Management 501 CHARTER 19 Ecosystem Management: Forests The Economics of Forest Management Forest Loss and Biodiversity Policies for Sustainable Forest Management 521 CHARTER 20 Water: Economics and Policy Global Supply and Demand for Water Addressing Water Shortages Water Pricing Water Rights, Water Markets, and Privatization Water as a Common Property Resource 557

7 Environment, Trade, and Development 565 CHARTER 21 World Trade and the Environment Environmental Impacts of Trade Trade and Environment: Policy and Praetice Trade Agreements and the Environment Strategies for Sustainable Trade 584 CHAPTER 22 Institutions and Policies for Sustainable D evelopment The Concept of Sustainable Development The Economics of Sustainable Development Reforming Global Institutions New Goals and New Production Methods Conelusion: Policies for Sustainable Development 608 Glossary 614 Index 631