Ecological impacts of scrubberwater discharge on marine plankton. IBC April 2016 Dorte Kubel

Transcription

1 Ecological impacts of scrubberwater discharge on marine plankton IBC April 2016 Dorte Kubel

2 Revision of MARPOL Annex VI : Regulation 4: Equivalent solutions 2 / Environmental Protection Agency / Enforcement of EU s Sulphur Directive

3 The Danish Ecoinnovation Programme: Grants for development and testing of scrubbers 3 / Environmental Protection Agency / Enforcement of EU s Sulphur Directive

4 Scrubber installation on DFDS vessel 4 / Environmental Protection Agency / Enforcement of EU s Sulphur Directive

5 Euro regulation of cars Air Qualtity Directive 06 December 2016

6 EU-regulation of the levels of harmful substances and nutrients into natural waters; Water Framework Directive Marine Strategy Directive Aim: Achieving good environmental status" for all waters by December 2016

7 Marine sulphur regulation Water Framework Directive 06 December 2016

8 To date focus on: contaminant concentrations in scrubber water impact on sea water ph Need for focus on effects of scrubber water on aquatic flora and fauna. 8 / Environmental Protection Agency / Enforcement of EU s Sulphur Directive

9 Investigation into the ecological impacts of scrubber water discharge on marine plankton Project financed by Den Danske Maritime Fond through collaboration with Maritime DTU (Technical University of Denmark) Marja Koski (Biological Oceanographer, Associate Professor, DTU AQUA) Colin Stedmon (Chemical Oceanographer, Associate Professor, DTU AQUA) Stefan Trapp (Environmental Chemist, DTU Environment) Budget

10 Aim of study: Review of effects of metals and PAH compounds on marine plankton (literature) Laboratory experiments on direct and indirect effects of scrubber water on plankton Field study measurements in Danish ports

11 What are plankton? Microscopic plants and animals that form the base of the marine food web Drift with ocean currents Phytoplankton = microscopic algae (plants), perform photosynthesis Zooplankton = small animals and larvae (grazers)

12 Aims and methods: To investigate: Biological effects of scrubber water on (zoo)plankton - Lethal effects - Sub-lethal effects EXPERIMENTS + FIELD SAMPLING - Metal accumulation What influences the toxicity of scrubber water to plankton? LITERATURE STUDY

13 Results of literature study Concentrations of Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Arsenic (As) and Cadmium (Cd) in water investigated do not seem to pose a risk Concentration of Vanadium (V) and Nickel (Ni) high Little know about V toxicity Both known to be ubiquitous in petroleum 13 / Environmental Protection Agency / Enforcement of EU s Sulphur Directive

14 Results of lab experiments Lethal effects on zooplankton Copepod High mortality of zooplankton in scrubber water Mortality Direct lethal effects disappearing around dilution of 1:10 14 / Environmental Protection Agency / Enforcement of EU s Sulphur Directive

15 Results of experiments Sub-lethal effects on zooplankton Direct exposure through water decreases feeding rates by > 50% Smaller effect when feeding on plankton grown in scrubber water Rh = Rhodomonas sp. control RhS = Rhodomonas grown in scrubber water Rh10 = 1:10 scrubber water + Rh RhS10 = 1:10 scrubber water + RhS Rhosomonas = Phytoplankton (food for zoooplankton) 15 / Environmental Protection Agency / Enforcement of EU s Sulphur Directive

16 Conclusions lab experiments Scrubber water induces both direct mortality and sub-lethal effects on productivity of plankton Negative direct effects on both several orders of magnitudes lower than expect in single contaminant exposure studies = synergistic (cocktail) effect.

17 Field sampling Sampling in two locations in Copenhagen port Metal concentrations measured in: - Water - Nanoplankton (> 0.2 μm) - Microplankton (> 20 μm) - Mesoplankton (> 200 μm) Comparison with scrubber water and other harbor areas

18 Results Field Study - Vanadium, nickel, chromium and lead are elevated in scrubber water - Copper is contamination from the ship - Zinc, arsenic and cadmium are low and variable - All metals are low in Copenhagen harbour compared to highly trafficed ports (Singapore) 18 / Environmental Protection Agency / Enforcement of EU s Sulphur Directive

19 Further work 19 / Environmental Protection Agency / Enforcement of EU s Sulphur Directive

20 Thank you for your attention! 06 December 2016

21 Ecological impacts of scrubber water discharge on marine plankton Marja Koski, Colin Stedmon, Stefan Trapp DTU Aqua; DTU Environment

22 The Danish Ecoinnovation Programme: Grants for development and testing of scrubbers 22 / Environmental Protection Agency / Enforcement of EU s Sulphur Directive

23 Experiments 1) Mortality of adults and eggs of the copepod Acartia tonsa in 7 dilutions of scrubber water 2) Feeding and reproduction of Acartia tonsa on scrubber water exposure depending on the exposure route (dietary or through food) 3) (Growth of phytoplankton Rhodomonas sp. on scrubber water) Scrubber water from Magnolia Seaways; plankton from DTU Aqua lab 24- h bottle incubations in the lab ph and metal concentrations measured in experimental media Hypothesis Tolerance for the scrubber water will follow a similar pattern as the tolerance for environmental stressors in general, with reproduction being influenced more and at a lower concentration than feeding and survival Dietary exposure will be more detrimental than the direct exposure through the water Mortality is related to the most toxic components of the scrubber water

24 Results: Copepod mortality a) Mortality 20 ph Vanadium Mortality (%) Adults Nickel - Mortality increases at scrubber water dilutions > 1:100; at a dilution of 1:3 all copepods die Eggs Mortality (%) Adults are more sensitive that eggs Mortality (%) Mortality (%) Copper - Mortality could be due to high concentrations of V or Ni, or due to low ph Scrubber water percentage (%) Concentration ( g l -1 )

25 Results: Sub-lethal effects Cells ml -1 Rhodomonas sp. growth Control 100% Scrubber % Scrubber Ingestion ( g C ind. -1 d -1 ) 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 a) Feeding a a,b Rh RhS Rh10 RhS10 b Ingestion Clearance b 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 Clearance (ml ind. -1 h -1 ) Days Rh = Rhodomonas sp. control RhS = Rhodomonas grown in scrubber water Rh10 = 1:10 scrubber water + Rh RhS10 = 1:10 scrubber water + RhS Egg production (eggs ind. -1 d -1 ) b) Reproduction EP H Rh RhS Rh10 RhS Hatching (%) 70 c) Pellet production - Direct exposure through water decreases feeding rates by > 50% - Decreased feeding has no effect on reproduction or egestion Pellet production (pellets ind. -1 d -1 ) Rh RhS Rh10 RhS10 Treatment

26 Results: Sub-lethal effects Gross growth efficiency (G/I) and assimilation efficiency (PP/I) - Unrealistically high growth efficiency in the presence of scrubber water Copepods need to use body reserves to maintain reproduction (long-term effects) - Lower assimilation efficiency with scrubber water Detoxification?

27 Results: Metals in plankton size fractions PRELIMINARY! Vanadium - Typically concentrate in higher size fractions - Scrubber water metals (V, Cr..) accumulate in a similar way

28 Results: Metals in seawater and in scrubber water Metal Copenhagen Harbour (N = 3) Scrubber water (N = 7) L S Inlet Outlet Singapore harbor Vanadinium 0.63 ± 0.1 A 0.62 ± 0.2 A 4.2 ± 0.5 B 162 ± 14 C (V) Nickel (Ni) BD BD 3.2 ± 0.4 B 41 ± 5.8 C Chromium 0.39 ± 0.47 ± 0.04 A 1.1 ± 0.3 A,B 1.9 ± 0.3 B,C (Cr) 0.04 A Lead (Pb) BD BD BD 0.61 ± ± 0.09 A 26 ± 1.6 B 21 ± 4.7 C Copper (Cu) 0.68 ± 0.02 A Zinc (Zn) 3.4 ± 2.4 A 9.0 ± 4.2 B 5.7 ± 1.1 B 6.7 ± 4.5 A,B Arsenic (As) 1.4 ± 0.4 A 1.5 ± 0.3 A 2.0 ± 1.1 A 1.4 ± 0.4 A Cadmium (Cd) BD BD BD BD Vanadium, nickel, chromium and lead are elevated in scrubber water - Copper is contamination from the ship - Zinc, arsenic and cadmium are low and variable - All metals are low in Copenhagen harbour (except for zinc at Slusen)

29 Conclusions - Scrubber water induces both direct mortality and sub-lethal effects on productivity of plankton - The effects appear at dilutions > 1:100 but < 1:10 - Effects are stronger due to direct exposure to water, less with a dietary exposure - Effects are due to a combination of ph, vanadium and nickel? - Metals can be detected in plankton in Copenhagen harbor, although that is probably not due to scrubber water? - Multiple stressors (e.g., high nutrient concentrations) increase metal toxicity and accumulation

30 Project findings Concentrations of Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Arsenic (As) and Cadmium (Cd) in water investigated do not seem to pose a risk Concentration of Vanadium (V) and Nickel (Ni) high Little know about V toxicity, warrants further study Both known to be ubiquitous in petroleum Zooplankton more sensitive to exposure to scrubber water than phytoplankton Negative direct effects on both several orders of magnitudes lower than expect in single contaminant exposure studies = synergistic (cocktail) effect. Indirect effects: Grazing on phytoplankton grown in 10% effluent had similar impact to direct exposure of zooplankton to effluent.