Transportation, air pollution and human Health Canada Mathieu Rouleau Fuels Assessment Section, Water & Air Quality Bureau

Transcription

1 Transprtatin, air pllutin and human Health Canada Mathieu Ruleau Fuels Assessment Sectin, Water & Air Quality Bureau CARTEEH Transprtatin, Air Quality, and Health Sympsium February 20, 2019

2 Presentatin utline 1. Our rganisatin and mandate 2. Health impact assessments fr transprtatin sectrs 3. Literature reviews f transprtatin strategies 4. Expsure research initiatives n transprtatin 5. Clsing remarks 2

3 1. Organisatin and Mandate Health Canada Federal department Respnsible fr helping Canadians Maintain and imprve their health Prevent and reduce risks Water and Air Quality Bureau Air Divisin Evidence-based decisins t address the health impacts f air pllutin Supprt plicy develpment & regulatry actins Infrm the public n actin they can take t prtect their health Transprtatin activities: HIAs, CBAs, RAs, RIAS and expsure research 3

4 2. Health Impact Assessments Transprtatin sectrs 4

5 2. Health Impacts Assessments Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Canadian and US emissin inventries fr all surces Plicy r Sectr scenaris Air Quality Mdeling System Meterlgical mdel Emissins prcessing system AQ MODEL (AURAMS, GEM-MACH) Ambient Cncentratins O 3, PM 2.5, NO 2, etc. AQBAT Human health benefit estimates Mrbidity & mrtality AQ mdeling system allws t investigate different what if emissin scenaris & cmpare them with a reference scenari Output: Magnitude and lcatin f prpsed changes in emissins and air quality Health benefit estimates & cst estimates 5

6 2. HIAs assciated with transprtatin emissins Air quality benefits assessments tl (AQBAT) t quantify adverse health utcmes Cncentratin respnse functins (CRFs) PM 2.5, NO 2, CO, SO 2 and O 3 Willingness t pay values Example: All n-rad vehicle emissins * Endpint utcmes/ year Csts (CAN) Mdel year Premature deaths 1700 $12.7B Asthma symptm days 25,000,000 $25M 2014 * Preliminary results; please d nt cite 6

7 3. Reviews Transprtatin strategies 7

8 3. Reviews f transprtatin management strategies Evaluate the impact f transprtatin ptins n emissins, air quality, expsure and ppulatin health : i. Traffic management strategies (lead: A. Bigazzi, UBC) ii. Freight mdal shift (lead: T. Ramani, TTI) iii. Persnal travel mdal shift (lead: D. Sctt, McMaster U) The reviews highlighted: Lack f Canadian data Need fr greater mnitring and accuntability Transprtatin-related imprvements in air quality and ppulatin health require crdinated and cncerted interventins. Publicatins are available 8

9 4. Expsure research initiatives Transprtatin mdes 9

10 Canadian Atlantic Marine Air Pllutin Study (CAMAPS) In 2012, regulatins implemented t reduce air pllutin frm marine vessels in Canada & t define a Nrth American Emissin Cntrl Area (ECA). Pre- and pst-eca air quality mnitring in the prt city f Halifax, NS Data surces: Natinal Air Pllutin Surveillance (NAPS) site Field campaigns in and Hw did the large vessel marine fuel sulfur Regulatins influence ambient air pllutant expsures in a Canadian prt city? Prject lead: Angels.Anastasspuls@canada.ca 10

11 CAMAPS Did the ECA imprve air quality? Hurly mean PM 2.5 cncentratins (ug/m 3 ) PRE-3.5% ECA1-1.0% ECA2-0.1% Mean decrease f 73% in ambient SO 2 2 ppb all directins 4 7 ppb harbur inlet Current SO 2 levels shw little directinality Suggests marine ships n lnger dminant SO 2 surce in Halifax Mean decrease f 26% in ambient PM ug/m 3 all directins Slightly greater fr harbur inlet Suggests less effective fr ship PM 2.5 OR Marine & lcal surces dn t dminate Onging PM 2.5 surce apprtinment 11

12 5. Clsing remarks Rad wrk ahead 12

13 Clsing remarks Prmte HC initiatives and research n transprtatin Imprve estimates f health impacts attributable t air pllutin, specifically frm transprtatin Onging wrk assciated with multiple mdes Addressing knwledge gaps via research Always lking fr pprtunities t cllabrate Data analysis & interpretatin Cmmunicatins and utreach 13

14 Acknwledgements Health Canada clleagues Marine and Rail Bus, Metr & Car cmmuters In-vehicle Ventilatin Integrated Urban Mdelling Cllabratrs fr transprtatin literature reviews Alex Bigazzi, Tara Ramani, Darren Sctt, 14

15 Thank yu / Merci Mathieu.Ruleau@canada.ca, senir evaluatr Fuels Assessment Sectin Air Health Effects Assessment Divisin Health Canada hc.air.sc@canada.ca 15

16 References Bigazzi AY; Ruleau M (2017). Can traffic management strategies imprve urban air quality? A review f the evidence. Jurnal f Transprt & Health 7 (2017) Health Canada (2018). Health impacts f air pllutin in Canada an estimate f premature mrtalities. Cat.: H144-51/2017E- PDF. Matz C; Stieb D; Egyed M; Brin O; Jhnsn M (2017). Evaluatin f daily time spent in transprtatin and traffic-influenced micrenvirnments by urban Canadians. Air Quality, Atmsphere & Health, /s Sctt D (2018). Impacts n emissins, air quality, ppulatin expsure and health assciated with mdal shifts in persnal travel ptins a review. Prepared fr Health Canada. Cntract # Ramani T; Jaikumar R; Khreis H (2018). Impacts n emissins, air quality, ppulatin expsure and health assciated with mdal shifts in freight transprtatin ptins a review. Prepared fr Health Canada. Cntract N Van Ryswyk K; Evans G; Kulka R; Sun L; Sabaliauskas K; Ruleau M; Anastasplus A; Wallace L; Weichenthal S (submitted). Cmmuting expsures t particulate air pllutin in three Canadian bus transit systems: The Urban Transprtatin Expsure Study. Van Ryswyk K; Anastaspls A; Evans G; Sun L; Sabaliauskas K; Kulka R; Wallace L; Weichenthal S (2017). Metr cmmuter expsures t particulate air pllutin and PM 2.5 -assciated elements in three Canadian cities: the Urban Transprtatin Expsure Study. Envirn Sci Technl 51: Weichenthal S; Van Ryswyk K; Kulka R; Sun L; Wallace L; Jseph L (2015). In-vehicle expsures t particulate air pllutin in Canadian metrplitan areas: the urban transprtatin expsure study. Envirn Sci Technl 49: Weichenthal S; Lavigne E; Evans GJ; Pllitt KJG; Burnett TR (2016). Fine particulate matter and emergency rm visits fr respiratry illness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vl 194 (5): Weichenthal S; Shekarrizfard M; Kulka R; Lakey PSJ; Al-Rijleh K; Anwar S; Shiraiwa M; Hatzpulu M (2018). Spatial variatins in the estimated prductin f reactive xygen species in the epithelial lung lining fluid by irn and cpper in fine particulate air pllutin. Envirnmental Epidemilgy 2:e020 16

17 Extras 17

18 Canadian ECA Effects Study (CanECA) Impact f ECA n ambient air pllutin in mre majr Canadian prts: Victria & Vancuver, BC; Mntreal & Quebec, QC; St. Jhn, NB; St. Jhn s NL Similar results seen fr Vancuver near-prt NAPS data 66 83% decrease in ambient SO 2 level pst- vs. pre-eca PM 2.5 review nging Hurly mean SO2 (ppb) Pre: ECA1: Interim Regulatins ECA2: Pst Regulatins

19 4. Transprtatin expsure Health Canada Urban Transprtatin Expsure Study (UTES) Trnt Subway Air Quality Interventin (SAQI) study Keith.VanRyswyk@canada.ca Cmmuter Air Pllutin Interventin (CAPI) study Gary.Mallach@canada.ca Integrated Urban Mdelling SMARTPLANS (Simulatin Mdel fr Assessing the Ramificatins f Transprtatin Plicies and Land Use Scenaris) Markey.Jhnsn@canada.ca 19

20 Urban Transprtatin Expsure Study UTES Prject lead: Vancuver, BC 2013 Car, Bus & SkyTrain Mntréal, QC Car & Metr Trnt, ON Car, Bus & Subway Ottawa, ON Bus 20

21 Air pllutin health impacts in Canada Ambient air pllutin levels attributable t emissins frm Nrth American anthrpgenic surces Expsure surfaces: Current levels f PM 2.5, O 3 and NO 2 Reference r cunterfactual expsure surfaces All Nrth American anthrpgenic surces f air pllutin remved 14,400 premature deaths annually in Canada. All sectrs cmbined All-cause nn-accidental deaths (cancer, IHD, COPD and CV) ~6.6% f annual deaths in Canada PM 2.5 NO 2 O 3 Avg ambient cncentratin 6.5 µg/m ppb 38.8 ppb (annual) 43.6 ppb (May-Sept) Cunterfactual 1.8 µg/m3 0.2 ppb 25.8 ppb (annual) 28 ppb (May-Sept) Nb f premature deaths 9,500 chrnic 1,300 acute 2,400 acute 1,200 chrnic 21

22 2. Recent HIAs assciated with transprtatin emissins Air quality benefits assessments tl (AQBAT) t quantify adverse health utcmes Cncentratin respnse functins (CRFs) PM 2.5, NO 2, CO, SO 2 and O 3 Willingness t pay values Sectr / Regulatins Premature deaths Csts (CAN) Mdel year All n-rad 1700 $12.7B HDVs 800 $6.0B LDVs 760 $5.7B 2014 Air, marine, rail 310 $2.3B On-rad diesel * 320 $2.5B On-rad gasline * 700 $5.4B 2015 Tier III regs * 1400 $7.2B * Publicatins available 22